International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business (90 papers in press)

Regular Issues

• Impacts of Information System Maturity on SME Performance and the Contribution of Dynamic Capabilities  
  by Jean Robert Kala Kamdjoug 
  Abstract: An examination of the digitalisation accomplishment and digital capabilities of small and medium enterprises (SMEs), called information system (IS) maturity, has become a significant concern for the managers of SMEs. By drawing support from dynamics capabilities theory, this study explores the determinants of IS maturity and how IS maturity influences the business performance of Cameroonian SMEs. To investigate the gaps in the literature, we propose a structural research model. This model is analysed using partial least squares approach on 212 Cameroonian SMEs with functional IS. We highlight that dynamic capabilities are effective explainers of variance in IS maturity, underlining these assets importance to a firms business performance. The outcomes of this study serve as components for SME managers two consecutive goals. First, the availability of effective dynamic capabilities to SMEs helps in the improvement of IS maturity. Second, a high IS maturity level allows SMEs to improve their business performance.
  Keywords: Cameroon; small and medium enterprises; SMEs; dynamic capabilities contribution; information system maturity; SME performance; dynamic capabilities.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2024.10053880
   
  
• Developing industry-wide information management capabilities in British Columbias tree fruit industry  
  by Svan Lembke, Youry Khmelevsky, Lee Cartier 
  Abstract: This study provides a critical evaluation of the BC tree fruit industrys information management capabilities. It introduces a method to identify weaknesses across the value chain and make recommendations for improvements. Information from in-depth interviews and documentation provided by major industry stakeholders is used to identify and describe the type of data collected and used by the industry. This is analysed using the CMMI maturity model for technology development. A map of the industrys information architecture is created and shows six main information management weaknesses, including raw data gaps in fruit production, sales and marketing, and water use and irrigation management. As an industry composed primarily of small and mid-size businesses, these weaknesses make it increasingly difficult for BCs tree fruit growers to collaborate within the industry cluster and adopt the technology innovations necessary to compete with large, often vertically integrated producers from other regions.
  Keywords: tree fruit industry; agriculture; industry information management; collective entrepreneurship; cluster; innovation; British Columbia.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2022.10053317
   
  
• Optimism, economic concern, trust in the government, and entrepreneurial intention during the COVID-19 pandemic  
  by Sharon Garyn-Tal, Shosh Shahrabani, Sara Lev, Helen Roberts 
  Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent worldwide economic crisis had a profound impact on the economic situation and decision-making abilities of many individuals, and particularly potential entrepreneurs. The current study investigates the factors affecting entrepreneurial intentions in the context of COVID-19. An online questionnaire was used to collect data among 682 adults in Israel during 2020. The results reveal that optimism orientation, trust in the government, and economic concern exerted a collaborative and interactive influence on the entrepreneurial intentions of Israelis. The research makes both theoretical and practical contributions by exploring new relationships among various factors in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings suggest that economic policy should provide temporary economic support during crisis periods to reduce the economic concerns of potential entrepreneurs and boost their optimism level, in turn encouraging new entrepreneurship.
  Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Optimism; Covid-19; Trust in the government; Israel; Economic concern.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10058884
   
  
• International Social Entrepreneurs: Exploratory Research From 4 Case Studies  
  by Caio Sousa, Edson Sadao Iizuka 
  Abstract: The social enterprise emerges as one of the innovative alternatives in the field of social entrepreneurship. This study explores cases of international social enterprises, something that is valued by researchers in the field, but which is a rare event even in global cases. Using a qualitative methodology, based on four case studies with in-depth interviews, the results contribute to the social enterprise literature by proposing a conceptual structure, the definition of international social entrepreneurs and the mapping of cases around the world. The article occupies a theoretical and practical gap in the field of social entrepreneurship and allows researchers to carry out their studies based on a clear theoretical definition. In addition, managers and entrepreneurs can have a systemic view of social entrepreneurial activities at a global level. Future research could expand the sample of international social entrepreneurs and develop scales for quantitative research.
  Keywords: international social entrepreneur; social entrepreneurship; social enterprise; international entrepreneurship.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2024.10054637
   
  
• TOWARDS UNDERSTANDING FINANCIAL DECISIONS IN INFORMAL MICROBUSINESSESS: EVIDENCE FROM A DEVELOPING COUNTRY  
  by Mahmoud Khalik, Luis Javier Sanchez-Barrios, Natalia Hernandez-Vargas, Jennifer Mora Mora 
  Abstract: Through an integrative perspective, we extend the literature on capital structure of informal microbusinesses. Our approach considers the financing decision and the various financial decisions and their impact on cash generation for personal purposes. A dataset of 892 Colombian informal microbusinesses were explored to identify various business configurations using Multiple Correspondence Analysis and Hierarchical Clustering Method. Through a logistic regression, we regressed the probability of early cash generation for personal purposes on business configurations and initial financing. Four microbusiness configurations emerged: Typical informal, owner-oriented, over-indebted, and informal lenders. Results show that informal microbusinesses are distinctive in terms of their financial decisions. Initial financing provided by formal lenders and payday lenders delay early cash generation. The contrary occurs when initial financing is provided by private informal lenders and to typical informal microbusinesses. Results indicate that different configurations require customized initiatives rather than a one-size fits all approach for informal microbusinesses.
  Keywords: Informal microbusinesses; Capital Structure; Financial decisions; Cash management.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10059536
   
  
• The Role of Social Business in Poverty Alleviation: From the Social Exchange Perspective  
  by M.F.M. Amir Khashru, Chieh-Yu Lin, Yi-Hui Ho 
  Abstract: The objectives of the study are to analyses the role of social business in poverty alleviation by considering the new entrepreneurs (NEs) program adoption as a mediator. This study used the social exchange theory (SET) to examine the perception of the new entrepreneurs and local people on how social business reduces poverty through the NEs program. The study engages a four-year-long ethnographic approach and conducts in-depth interviews with 31 NEs businesses in Bangladesh. These findings illustrate that social businesses are recognised for poverty alleviation through NEs program, considering two goals, i.e., business training with financial support and, at the same time, NEs grow into self-sustaining businesses, and creating many jobs to lift local poor people out of poverty. The result is genuinely to gain a deeper understanding of the holistic social business in poverty alleviation. This study offers novel theoretical and empirical insights and implications for practitioners.
  Keywords: social business; poverty alleviation; new entrepreneur; NE program; Bangladesh.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2024.10053881
   
  
• The Resilience of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises in Indonesia: Covid-19 Perspective  
  by Fitri Ismiyanti, Putu Anom Mahadwartha, Zunairoh Zunairoh, Bobby Ardiansyahmiraja 
  Abstract: This study aims to investigate the effect of risk-taking on innovativeness, also the impact of entrepreneurial orientation, innovativeness, and adaptive strategy on the resilience of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSME). This study was conducted on MSME actors throughout Indonesia and the analysis used was Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The results show that risk-taking positively affects innovativeness, while entrepreneurial orientations, innovativeness, and adaptive strategy have a significant positive effect on resilience. This research implies that MSME actors who can survive the Covid-19 pandemic must consider taking risks, continuously innovate, have an entrepreneurial spirit, and are always adaptive to change. The innovations that MSME continues to make increase the company's competitiveness under any circumstances, including during the Covid-19 pandemic. MSMEs that have high innovation will have high resilience under any circumstances.
  Keywords: MSME; risk-taking; entrepreneurial orientation; innovativeness; adaptive strategy; resilience; Covid-19.
  
  
• The impact of the passion for teaching entrepreneurship: A conceptual model  
  by Mohsen TAVAKOLI, Miruna Radu-Lefebvre, Alain Fayolle 
  Abstract: Growing evidence suggests that the passion for teaching entrepreneurship substantially contributes to the effectiveness of education programmes. This paper conceptually explores the role of teachers in entrepreneurship education (EE), with a focus on student outcomes. Specifically, the paper focuses on the impact of harmonious and obsessive passions for teaching and entrepreneurship on student-level outcomes such as programme satisfaction, learning and venture creation. Our conceptual model contributes to the EE literature by revealing the underestimated role of passion for teaching entrepreneurship in EE.
  Keywords: entrepreneurship education; effectiveness; outcomes; entrepreneurship education effects; impacts on students; teacher’s role; coach; mentor; passion for entrepreneurship; passion for teaching; harmonious passion; obsessive passion.
  
  
• Institutional Entrepreneurship: Insights For Researchers  
  by Tamaki Onishi, Evelyn Micelotta, William Wales 
  Abstract: Recognising that entrepreneurs' actions are shaped by institutional environments, recent years have witnessed a growing stream of research on institutional entrepreneurship. Institutional entrepreneurs are actors with sufficient resources, who create new institutions or transform existing institutions. Despite this centrality of resources, prior literature has not thoroughly explored the strategic implications of such resources. To address this gap, we conducted a systematic review of the institutional entrepreneurship literature using a resource-based lens and identified a sample of 155 papers published from 1980 to 2019. Our coding analysis identified tangible and intangible resources and resource mobilisation strategies in the institutional entrepreneurship literature. We propose a resource-based process model with three phases: emergence, elaboration, and expansion and apply this model to offer insights into resource mobilisation strategies during business and social entrepreneurship processes.
  Keywords: resources; resource mobilisation; institutional entrepreneurship; entrepreneurship; social entrepreneurship.
  
  
• Knowledge capital acquisition of SMEs: comparative analysis of ICT branches  
  by Tomasz Sierotowicz 
  Abstract: Research studies on knowledge capital (KC) focus on its utilisation and transfer of knowledge mainly by large enterprises. KC is subject to single-stream analyses as an internal enterprise resource. This paper presents the results of research conducted in a relatively new field of KC acquisition as well as allocated expenditure to KC. This research focused on innovative small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) belonging to the two branches of software and hardware development in Poland (20072019). Empirical data allowed to use the dynamic rate of change. The main conclusion of a comparative analysis revealed that KC acquisition in the SMEs should be described as a simultaneous dual-stream (internal and external) process, and KC acquisition and allocated to it expenditure differs significantly between compared branches. Future research can focus on comparative analyses of different branches, thereby extending our knowledge of the importance of KC in business.
  Keywords: knowledge management; knowledge capital; empirical comparative analysis; knowledge acquisition.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10054499
   
  
• Modelling the Drivers and Barriers of the Dry Fish Supply Chain Traceability for Micro and Small Enterprises in India : An ISM and MICMAC Approach  
  by ARUN JOSE, Shanmugam Prasanna Venkatesan 
  Abstract: The adoption food traceability system in dry fish supply chain deserve attention. For implementing a food traceability system, it is essential to identify the variables and analyse their inter-relationships that impact its adoption. This research aims to model the major drivers and barriers and their interrelationships in the dry fish supply chain in India's Micro and small enterprises (MSEs) using interpretive structural modelling (ISM) and Matrices dImpacts Croises Multiplication Appliqu
  Keywords: Supply chain traceability; Dry fish; Micro and Small Enterprises; Interpretive structural modelling; MICMAC.
  
  
• An Empirical Ecosystem-based Study of Making the Leap from Employment to Entrepreneurship  
  by Vianey De Oliveira Costa, João J. Ferreira, Patrick J. Murphy 
  Abstract: Making the leap from traditional employment to a fulltime entrepreneurial career is one of the most difficult but important decisions that entrepreneurs face. In this paper, we clarify the challenges of making the leap and delineate strategies for engaging and surmounting them. Practicing entrepreneurs tend to rely on generalised social support or expert guidance from social network or the popular press. However, the helpfulness of those resources is of limited value to many entrepreneurs because almost no entrepreneurship research has examined this topic. To address the gap, we conducted in-depth interviews with entrepreneurs in Brazils burgeoning start-up ecosystem. Each participant entrepreneur made the leap to become a founder or co-founder of a new business venture with varying levels of success. Based on QSR NVivo content analysis and axial coding, our findings revealed that success to be associated with certain factors: delineating experiential wisdom and conceptual knowledge and harmonising these two types of intellectual capital, integrating technical and managerial competence as much as possible, and engaging markets and communities wholly separately. We detail the implications for practicing entrepreneurs, the organisations employing them, and for entrepreneurship research and theory.
  Keywords: career development; career transition: entrepreneurship; small business; entrepreneurial decision; entrepreneurial challenges; boundary conditions; skills and capabilities; qualitative research; NVivo.
  
  
• Production efficiency of aquaculture farm Vannamei white shrimp in Chachoengsao province, Thailand: A stochastic frontier analysis  
  by Kanokwan Tammaroopa, Panya Mankeb, Suneeporn Suwanmaneepong, Harry Jay Cavite 
  Abstract: Although shrimp farmers have expanded their operation and market through government support, their technical efficiency remains in question as they compete with other shrimp farmers in the area. This study investigates the technical efficiency of Vannamei white shrimp farmers and explores the factors affecting their inefficiency using the stochastic production frontier approach. Data were collected from 450 shrimp farmers in Chachoengsao, Thailand. Data were analysed using the stochastic frontier production function. Results showed that technical efficiency level was approximately 87%, implying a potential 13% growth in output if inefficiencies are addressed. Furthermore, farmers who receive training on shrimp farming are more efficient than farmers who do not. Farmers with higher educational attainment are more likely to be efficient implying the importance of providing information access and developing farmers technical knowledge on shrimp production. Thus, increased technical knowledge could enable farmers make better decisions and attain higher levels of technical efficiency.
  Keywords: technical efficiency; vannamei white shrimp; stochastic frontier.
  
  
• New Media Technologies and Small and Medium Enterprises: Evidence from the Covid-19 Period  
  by Bharti Pandya, Shreesha Mairaru, Asma Buhannad, Leena Daroo 
  Abstract: COVID-19 has disrupted the status quo affecting the sustainability and survivability of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). SMEs are the backbone of UAEs economy representing 94% of companies and employing around 86% of the workforce. During COVID-19 SMEs have reinvented their strategies to recover from their unexpected and unimaginable losses and have embraced new media technologies. The heterogeneity of strategies and tactics adopted by SMEs (of UAE) needs a systematic investigation to understand how they leveraged new media to re-invent themselves to recover from the pandemic. The research aims to understand the key challenges faced by Emirati-owned SMEs to engage various stakeholders during COVID-19 and to examine the role played by new media technologies to sustain the business. This phenomenological study presents the strategies adopted by SMEs using new media technologies during COVID. The results of this research will benefit SME entrepreneurs, policymakers, business strategists, scholars, and new media providers.
  Keywords: new media technologies; sustainability; strategies; challenges; COVID-19; small and medium enterprises; SMEs; new media; NMTs.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2024.10055264
   
  
• How does a simplified Performance Measurement System affect decision making within SMEs?  
  by Abram Kok 
  Abstract: Although performance measurement models are frequently used by larger companies, little is known of the impact and possibilities for SMEs and how they could support decision-making within these smaller companies. Larger companies have more possibilities to structure and design processes and procedures that make decision making based on performance indicators part of the overall company policy. Theoretical findings are indicating that implementing a PMS could support the decision- making processes in SMEs and help them improve their management processes and strategic control. PMSs should support SMEs to manage uncertainty, to innovate their products and services, and to sustain evaluation and change processes (Garengo, Biazzo, & Bititci, 2005). The aim of this research is to find out whether it is possible to design and test a simplified model to measure performance for SMEs in order to facilitate better decision-making. As SMEs face challenges in keeping up with bigger companies, testing a tailor-made model that is designed to facilitate measuring performance amongst SMEs could be a giant step forward. The model will be analysed through a SMART-PLS structural equation measuring tool. This article will focus on a more specific set of contingency factors and hypotheses that will be tested on the basis of a conceptual model. In a later stage it will be tested empirically and produce specific measurable outcomes.
  Keywords: Performance measurement system; Decision support system; SMEs; Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM); Contingency factors; Organisational success.
  
  
• Street Vending and Poverty: An Empirical Analysis  
  by Kamil Khan, Anwar Shah 
  Abstract: This paper examines the comparative earning opportunities of moveable street vending and daily wage work as source of livelihood for the poor in Quetta, Balochistan. Using a semi-structured questionnaire, data is collected from 120 participants, with 60 each from the street vending and daily wage work sectors. Descriptive and Inferential statistical techniques, including logistic regression, are used to analyse the data. Our descriptive analysis indicates that street vending offers more significant earning opportunities for the poor than daily wage work. However, the logistic regression model does not provide strong support for street vending as a better source of livelihood in terms of poverty alleviation. Furthermore, the study reveals that eviction by local authorities is a major issue faced by street vendors, limits their income and perpetuates poverty.
  Keywords: Street vending; Daily wage work; Poverty.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10057502
   
  
• Encouraging craft skills and female entrepreneurship through creativity: A case study of a social enterprise in India  
  by Gaitri Kumari 
  Abstract: The present study is established on Hagen's Theory of Social Change. It attempts to justify the theory of social change and explains how continuing technical progress brings social change in a traditional society. This study argues that the innovative approach can facilitate female entrepreneurship by endowing craft skills. The objectives of the present case study are two-fold. First, the present case study aims to understand the significance of the endowment of craft skills to bring social change in the rural setting of Jharkhand, India. Second, the study explores the inexorable entwining of social entrepreneurship and female entrepreneurship by demonstrating the role of innovative approaches in fostering an entrepreneurial ecosystem for females. A descriptive case study methodology was adopted. The outcome of the case study suggested that innovative social enterprise support led to social change resulting in female entrepreneurship and empowered rural-tribal women of Jharkhand.
  Keywords: Social Entrepreneur; Female Entrepreneur; Skill development; Socio-economic Development; Artisan.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10065771
   
  
• Religiosity and Entrepreneur's Subjective Wellbeing: Moderating role of Spiritual Intelligence  
  by Subhan Shahid, Yasir Mansoor Kundi, Rahman Ullah 
  Abstract: The study aims to investigate attitudinal antecedents of entrepreneurs' subjective wellbeing, specifically religious and normative beliefs while considering the moderating role of spiritual intelligence. The data were collected from 212 entrepreneurs in Pakistan and analyzed through the structural equation modeling technique. The results revealed that religious and normative beliefs are positively related to entrepreneurs' subjective wellbeing. Furthermore, spiritual intelligence was found to positively moderate the aforementioned relationships. The research contributes to the emerging scholarship on religion and entrepreneurship by embracing religion as a noteworthy subjective wellbeing component that cannot be overlooked for individuals engaged in highly demanding entrepreneurial careers. Furthermore, the study brings novel insights into the current knowledge of the relationship between religion and entrepreneurship from an Islamic preceptive in the context of the developing country, which indeed contributes to the limited scholarship on other religions.
  Keywords: Religiosity; religious beliefs; normative beliefs; spiritual intelligence; and subjective wellbeing.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10059012
   
  
• Information Technology Entrepreneurs, Leadership Styles and Employee Engagement: Examining Mediating Effect of Artificial Intelligence
  by Muskan Khan, Neha Nagar, Manuha Nagpal, Deepika Chaudhary 
  Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to analyse the moderating part of trust among the studied leadership styles and the implementation of AI. The exploration intentions are to identify the relationship between compassionate and empathetic leadership in the implementation of AI that will influence employee engagement among the employees of information technology entrepreneurs. The conceptual framework has been developed, which is novel and not yet explored. The data was collected in three phases to evade the common method variance. The investigation employs a quantitative research methodology, and PLS-SEM 4.0 is used for data analysis. The respondents were employees of companies involved in the IT sector in India. We discovered that vital assets like a leader’s skill with technology and ability to use technology can result in the development of dynamic capacities. The study concludes with implications and suggestions for leaders, policymakers, and practitioners. The research constraints and potential directions are discussed.
  Keywords: compassionate leadership; empathetic leadership; employee engagement; trust; artificial intelligence.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10059067
   
  
• The retirement transition from self-employment: comparing the solo self-employed and company owners in Finland  
  by Kathrin Komp-Leukkunen 
  Abstract: Retirement from self-employment is receiving increasing attention due to population ageing. It is a critical event for the self-employed, influencing their identity and well-being. It also is a critical event for their businesses, influencing the national economy. This study explores differences in the retirement transition between the solo self-employed and company owners. A multichannel sequence analysis and cluster analysis are carried out with Finnish register data, tracing the ages 50 to 69. Findings show that the solo self-employed form a homogenous group, retiring at age 65 with an old-age pension. They follow state pension regulations. In contrast, company owners form a heterogeneous group, displaying agency. Some retire with an old-age pension at 65. Others work until 56 and receive a pension from 65 on. Others switch to employment and then retire with a pension at 65. A non-employment or employment spell before retirement means that businesses have untapped potentials.
  Keywords: self-employment; retirement; retirement transition; solo self-employed; solo self-employment; company owners; work; pensions; Finland; population ageing; later retirement; register data; multichannel sequence analysis; cluster analysis.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10064674
   
  
• THE EFFECTS OF PERCEIVED ORGANISATIONAL JUSTICE ON ETHICAL BEHAVIOUR IN WORK ENVIRONMENTS
  by Vjosë Latifi, Gadaf Rexhepi, Veland Ramadani, Agron Hajdari, Iliriana Miftari 
  Abstract: The aim of this research is to investigate the effects of perceived organisational justice on ethical behaviour in work environments. The quantitative approach was employed in this study to grasp and validate the conceptual framework. The research was guided by a positivist survey research technique. A questionnaire was used as a data collection tool and 200 employees are involved in the study. SEM with SmartPLS was also employed as a data analysis tool. This study adds a better understanding of organisational justice’s role in employees’ ethical behaviour. In terms of practical contributions, the research offers suggestions for governments, policymakers, and the business community regarding how to recognise and incorporate the effects of perceived organisational justice on ethical behaviour in the work environment. The main findings of the research show that organisational justice has a positive relationship on the ethical behaviour of employees.
  Keywords: organisational justice; ethical behaviour; work environment; Kosovo.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10057676
   
  
• Tryst with Covid-19 crisis: a content analysis-based perspective on women entrepreneurs
  by Pooja Jha, Pallab Sikdar 
  Abstract: The outbreak of COVID-19 virus exposed the high vulnerability of women entrepreneurs. The impact was multifaceted and included issues like demand drop, business survival struggle, work-life balance, employee well-being, need for business diversification, etc. Given such challenges, our understanding of how women entrepreneurs respond to crises and ensure business sustenance remains limited. This study fills this gap in extant literature. Our study aims to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on women entrepreneurs. It highlights the struggle and resilience shown by women entrepreneurs during the pandemic, and contributes to existing knowledge on crisis management. In addition, policies to deal with future crises have been offered. A sample of women entrepreneurs were interviewed qualitatively. The elicited responses were analysed through content analysis to derive themes based on an inductive approach. The study reveals how women entrepreneurs navigated and manoeuvred through the crisis by adopting new ways of business continuance. Implications offered as part of the study can serve to scholars and policymakers as a roadmap for devising strategic interventions to deal with future crises and black swan events.
  Keywords: women entrepreneurs; crisis; resilience; content analysis; developing countries; policy support.
  
  
• Assessment of humanistic tourism resources by SMEs in Central Vietnam
  by Nguyen Hoang Tien  
  Abstract: This article analyses and evaluates the role of humanistic and cultural resources for the purpose of tourism development in parallel with economic development of central provinces of Vietnam which compared to other provinces are considered to be less favoured by nature but instead are rich and abundant in humanistic, cultural, spiritual, historical resources created via many generations and multiple historical periods. Based on theoretical and conceptual review, practical and empirical analysis, review of national resources policy, and founded on own objective and subjective assessments of multiple man-made tourism resources, the article has proposed a set of integrated solutions to improve the efficiency of exploitation and the effective use of humanistic and cultural tourism resources for the purpose of tourism industry and services development and also socio-economic advancement of Central Vietnam. The proposed solutions could be generalised to the nationwide humanistic and cultural tourism development both now and in the future.
  Keywords: tourism industry; tourism resources; humanistic tourism resources; resources policy; resources management; exploitation; assessment; SMEs; Central Vietnam.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10058381
   
  
• Compassionate Entrepreneurship and Cognitive Workaholism: Mediating Role of Artificial Intelligence Adoption
  by Ruchi Rayat, Manuha Nagpal, Deepika Chaudhary, Sudha Panwar 
  Abstract: The aim of this study is to determine whether there is an association amidst compassionate entrepreneurship and cognitive workaholism and how artificial intelligence adoption might act as a mediator. This study is a novel in comparison to other association studies and in terms of its conceptual approach. In order to avoid the common method variance, the data collection was broken up into three waves. The researcher makes use of a quantitative research approach and PLS-SEM 4.0 for the analysis in order to complete the evaluation of the framework. The respondents were Indian entrepreneurs active in India’s 'micro, small, and medium enterprises' (MSME and SMEs). The findings revealed that there is an association amidst compassionate entrepreneurship and cognitive workaholism. Secondly, the adoption of artificial intelligence acts as a mediator. Discussion was given in the context of previous research that has enhanced the literature. The researchers concluded with suggestions for practitioners, policymakers, and entrepreneurs.
  Keywords: compassionate entrepreneurship; artificial intelligence; cognitive workaholism; PLS-SEM; MSME and small scale industries.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10058439
   
  
• Local-oriented economic branches as drivers of local markets in non-metropolitan areas: evidence from Greece  
  by Andreas Gkouzos, Manolis Christofakis 
  Abstract: The paper investigates the importance of local-oriented economic branches in expanding Greek local markets and the non-metropolitan areas with significant local economic strengths. Employing a shift-share analysis model and the minimum requirement technique, the study examines spatial units with functional urban areas, neighbouring non-metropolitan areas, mainland non-metropolitan areas, and insular non-metropolitan areas. The findings reveal that functional urban areas demonstrate notable localness and competitive advantages from local market presence. Proximity to major metropolitan centres influences neighbouring areas, leading to export-oriented economic branches. Mainland areas exhibit higher localness due to small-medium sized cities and rural settlements away from major markets. Insular areas show lower localness but experience regional growth effects from tourism-related activities. These results highlight the role of significant urban areas, spatial distance, and the local economic environment in shaping localness and economic strengths. Understanding these factors is crucial for promoting local economic growth in Greek non-metropolitan areas.
  Keywords: local-oriented economic branches; local economic advantages; Greek non-metropolitan areas; minimum requirement approach; differential shift approach; Greece.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10066320
   
  
• Barriers restricting indigenous women from becoming successful entrepreneurs. empirical evidence from India
  by Jogeswar Mahato, Manish Kumar Jha 
  Abstract: The present study empirically examines the barriers restricting indigenous women from becoming successful entrepreneurs in the Odisha state of India. The present study has analysed the samples of 596 indigenous women entrepreneurs collected from 12 villages across the four districts of Odisha. The authors have analysed the significance of barriers to indigenous women entrepreneurship in the rural Indian context. Structure equation modelling has been used to validate the hypothesised relationships formulated in the study. The findings of the study highlighted that social, personal, financial, production and marketing barriers are significant barriers that restrict indigenous women from becoming successful in their entrepreneurial activities. Acknowledging these barriers could help indigenous women entrepreneurs to become more focused and strategic towards mitigation of these impediments. Government and society must work together to remove the barriers in the path of successful entrepreneurs to encourage Indian indigenous women in rural settings.
  Keywords: barriers; entrepreneurs; indigenous women; successful; rural India; social; personal; financial; production; marketing.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10058827
   
  
• Role of Start-ups in poverty alleviation and entrepreneurial environment in India
  by Monika Saxena, Rahul Dass, Mitra Amini, Utkarsh Das 
  Abstract: Poverty continues to be an albatross with which India has been constantly grappling. Poverty alleviation is important as this developing economy is a huge market and it has a cascading impact on economies across the world. Start-ups have the potential to create jobs which in turn can help in the upliftment of the rural poor by increasing their income resources. The objective of this paper is to show the impact of innovation, digital technology, and funding of start-ups on poverty eradication. Data has been analysed through statistical and econometric tools. Causal relationships of entrepreneurial activity with respect to different variables have been factored in. Results showcase that the role of start-ups, digital absorption, and global innovation index has a significant relationship with entrepreneurial activity. It is of interest to policy makers as it identifies the factors which have prominent role for poverty eradication in the form of increase in entrepreneurial activity and subsequent strategy formulation.
  Keywords: poverty; entrepreneurship; start-ups; innovation; India; economy.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10058941
   
  
• Measuring the Effectiveness of Entrepreneurial Trainings in Rural Self-Employment Training Institutes (RSETIs): A Proposed Model
  by Pawan Kumar, Ritu Kumra 
  Abstract: This paper aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the training and development programme of rural self-employment training institutes (RSETIs) in rural India by proposing a conceptual model to measure training effectiveness quantitatively. Primary data was used and collected through a self-administered questionnaire. The data was collected from 588 trainees of rural self-employment training institutes from nine districts of Punjab covering the Majha, Malwa, and Doaba regions of Punjab State in India. The data was analysed by applying confirmatory factor analysis using AMOS software. The proposed model in this study was used to measure the effectiveness of RSET entrepreneurial training institutes and results revealed that the training provided by rural self-employment training institutes in India is effective and the results confirmed that it can be measured by latent variables of business performance, satisfaction level, and benefits derived from training to trainees as well as to society.
  Keywords: training effectiveness; rural self-employment training institutes; RSETIs; business performance; satisfaction level; benefits derived.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10059432
   
  
• Survival instincts of Chinese entrepreneurs in the UK: adaptation or hibernation
  by Daniel Prokop, Saloomeh Tabari, Wei Chen 
  Abstract: Surviving a crisis requires a unique set of responses from a firm. This paper examines migrant entrepreneurs and their responses to COVID-19 pandemic. These entrepreneurs are disadvantaged in their markets, typically due to cultural differences, but also other barriers that include outright discrimination by native populations. Consequently, global crisis has a more severe meaning to migrant entrepreneurs who struggle in the best of times. Empirically we focus on interviews with Chinese entrepreneurs in the UK, employing template analysis to disentangle the data. We find two key mechanisms these entrepreneurs employ to respond to crisis: adaptation and/or hibernation. Adaptation is about introducing changes in response to altering market conditions, it is a proactive response. Hibernation is a passive response characterised by deliberate shutdown and/or slow-down of operations, with business continuity funded from accumulated financial reserves. The paper concludes that policy should be more sensitive to enabling responses that ensure firm survival.
  Keywords: firm survival; crisis; COVID-19; entrepreneurship; Chinese businesses; migrant entrepreneurship; UK.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10059695
   
  
• An integrated approach of factors influencing entrepreneurial success: Evidence from women-owned MSMEs in India.  
  by Jogeswar Mahato, Manish Kumar Jha 
  Abstract: The present study aims to examine the factors influencing entrepreneurial success in women-owned MSMEs in India. The study has interviewed 529 indigenous women entrepreneurs working across the four districts such as: Sundargarh, Mayurbhanj, Koraput and Rayagada in Odisha, India. Structure equation modelling has been used to examine the factors influencing the creation of successful MSMEs. The results of the study highlighted that the integration of social capital, entrepreneurial intention, entrepreneurial training, government policy, access to finance, business infrastructure and market linkage significantly contribute to the success of women-owned MSMEs in India. The study will add knowledge to the literature on women entrepreneurship and benefit the new-age and existing women entrepreneurs in creating and running their enterprises successfully and sustainably. The study will help policymakers create policies towards the sustainable establishment of women-owned MSMEs in emerging economies. The stakeholders are supposed to do much more to assist women entrepreneurs to succeed in their business ventures.
  Keywords: entrepreneurial success; factors; social capital; entrepreneurial intention; entrepreneurial training; government policy; access to finance.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10059955
   
  
• Exploring the Impact of Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy and Effectuation on Opportunity Recognition
  by Atthaphon Mumi, Patsorn Siewsamdangdet, Tudsuda Imsuwan, Pornpiya Muangkhiew 
  Abstract: Entrepreneurship research has examined the importance of opportunity recognition in the creation of new businesses. However, a complete understanding of this concept is lacking, requiring further investigation from multiple perspectives. This study utilises the effectuation theory to address this limitation, emphasising controlled resources and opportunity recognition through entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) and effectuation. Our analysis of 293 potential entrepreneurs using partial least square structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) demonstrated that entrepreneurial self-efficacy significantly affects opportunity recognition and is mediated by effectuation, which includes experimentation, affordable loss, flexibility, and pre-commitment. This study offers entrepreneurial self-efficacy, which is necessary for opportunity recognition, to the emerging theory of effectuation. It also addresses the need for theoretical research on entrepreneurial opportunities. Thus, our findings have important implications for academics and practitioners interested in understanding the complex dynamics of entrepreneurship and improving new venture creation.
  Keywords: affordable loss; effectuation; entrepreneurial self-efficacy; ESE; experimentation; flexibility; opportunity recognition; pre-commitment.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10060134
   
  
• Entrepreneurial orientation in joint projects during the COVID-19 crisis: A fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis approach for Brazilian cases
  by Olivier Coussi, KADÍGIA FACCIN, Bibiana Volkmer Martins, Anass Mawadia 
  Abstract: This research explores the combination of innovation practices (based on causation, effectuation and bricolage) used in joint projects between universities and industries that lead to open innovation. The projects studied were carried out during the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. We used fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis (Fs-QCA) to examine 13 Brazilian projects. The main results show two combinations of practices that result in open innovation success among universities and industries. Both combinations include a high level of effectuation; this result is expected in a time of crisis such as that caused by COVID-19. When a project involves only industry partners, a combination of effectuation and bricolage is employed. A university’s presence on a project means that causation behaviour is a necessary condition. This ‘causation’ condition in university-industry collaboration projects seems to reinforce the critical barriers to collaboration between universities and industry.
  Keywords: COVID-19; Brazil; open innovation; Fs-QCA; university-industry collaboration; joint projects; causation; effectuation; bricolage.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10060467
   
  
• Hardships and Challenges Faced by Entrepreneurs of MSME: A Bibliometric Review and Future Research Agenda
  by Baxiskumar Patel, Prakashkumar Patel, Hardik BHADESHIYA 
  Abstract: The current study aims to thoroughly evaluate the available literature on the hardships and challenges that India’s micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) encounter, specifically from 1990 to 2022. Very few studies have used bibliometric analysis to investigate the hardships and difficulties experienced by Indian entrepreneurs. The current research examines 702 articles taken from the Web of Science database using VOSviewer to display the data. Analyses of keyword co-occurrence, co-citation, journals, and co-authorship were included in the study. Further, a hypothetical CHRYSALIS Model is proposed to assess and visualise the hurdles of Indian MSMEs for giving sustainable solutions for its future development.
  Keywords: bibliometric review; challenges; hardship; micro; small and medium; MSMEs.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10060917
   
  
• Indigenous Entrepreneurship in India: Addressing Barriers to Sustainable Growth and Development
  by Kumar Gaurav, Jogeswar Mahato, Sateesh Kumar 
  Abstract: Entrepreneurship plays an important role in the economic growth of the nation. Indigenous entrepreneurship is gaining importance due to its inclusive growth and development in India. Their cultural, social, and economic contexts frequently present unique difficulties for them in starting and maintaining their businesses. The present study has reviewed barriers that indigenous entrepreneurs face in their journey. In this research, the barriers that obstruct the sustainable growth and development of the indigenous entrepreneurs are explored and a contextual relationship among them is established using Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) and MICMAC analysis. The study determines eight factors that act as barriers to sustainable growth and development of indigenous entrepreneurship. Understanding these barriers will help policymakers, stakeholders, and indigenous communities create focused strategies to aid and empower indigenous entrepreneurs in their quest for sustainable growth and development.
  Keywords: Business; Development; Indigenous Entrepreneurship; Social; Economic; Sustainable Growth; ISM; MICMAC; Rank; Relationship.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10061007
   
  
• Unity in Diversity: Revolutionising SMEs Through Inclusive Corporate Boards
  by Charbel Salloum, Hajer Jarrar, Laura Salloum, Jean-François VERDIE 
  Abstract: This study investigates the implications of gender diversity within top management teams on firm performance, risk, and executive pay, concentrating on a sample of 105 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Lebanon over a three-year period (2014-2016). Adopting a quantitative methodology, data was collected through closed-ended surveys utilising nominal, interval, and ratio scales. Analysis via linear regression revealed that while gender diversity on the board of directors showed no discernible influence on the examined variables, a heightened presence of women in managerial roles positively affected the firm’s return on investment and narrowed the wage disparity. These findings challenge the prevailing view in the Lebanese context, which largely perceives women as primarily homemakers, and highlight the tangible benefits of gender diversity for SMEs’ growth and evolution. Notably, the research offers a unique perspective by focusing on Lebanon, a nation grappling with the integration of gender diversity practices in boardrooms amid cultural and religious constraints.
  Keywords: gender diversity; top management team; board of directors; performance; small and medium-sized enterprises; SMEs.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10061150
   
  
• The impact of CSR on corporate financial performance: Evidence from SMEs of tourism industry in Southern Vietnam  
  by Nguyen Hoang Tien  
  Abstract: The study has carried out a comprehensive analysis of the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on the corporate financial performance (CFP) in the tourism industry. Author has combined qualitative and quantitative research to evaluate the impact of CSR on CFP directly and through the intermediate factors. The object of the research is small and medium enterprises (SMEs) established and operating in Southern Vietnam. The study is one of the few to investigate the mediating effect in the relationship between the CSR and the CFP, especially the mediating effect of corporate reputation. The study results have supplemented theoretical basis that the CFP is increasingly influenced and affected by activities related to CSR, and especially the mediating factors. Based on the research results, the study has proposed several governance implications and policy recommendations to help managers, entrepreneurs and policy makers in the process of implementing CSR strategy to enhance the CFP.
  Keywords: corporate social responsibility; CSR; corporate financial performance; CFP; small and medium enterprises; SMEs; mediating factors.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10061247
   
  
• Key Demographic and Socio- Economic Factors of Entrepreneur’s Success in India  
  by Pawan Kumar, Ritu Kumra, Sumesh Dadwal 
  Abstract: The study employed a quantitative research approach to investigate how demographic and economic factors influence the success of entrepreneurs using theoretical lens of human capital theory. It meticulously explores an array of critical variables that encompass various facets of the entrepreneur’s journey. Data was collected by purposive sampling of 588 respondents who had received training from Rural Self Employed Training Institutes and subsequently became entrepreneurs. The collected data was analysed using statistical techniques, such as regression analysis, t-tests, confirmatory factor analysis using (AMOS) software to assess the relationships between the key variables and entrepreneurial success. Through a comprehensive analysis of the variables, the findings of this study illuminate that among the demographic factors under scrutiny, formal education emerges as a notable contributor to entrepreneurial success. Moreover, the adoption of contemporary technology, the respondent’s income level, and the training received from Rural Self Employed Training Institutes emerge as pivotal factors that play a central role in determining the success trajectory of entrepreneurs.
  Keywords: Rural Self Employed Training Institutes; RSETIs; demographic factors; socio-economic factors; entrepreneurial success; entrepreneurial trainings; India.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10061197
   
  
• Analysing the roles of owner’s personal factors in determining the sustainability of women owned SMEs during crisis  
  by Ratih Dyah Kusumastuti, Rifelly Dewi Astuti, D. Viverita 
  Abstract: The pandemic significantly affected small and medium enterprises (SMEs) worldwide, including women-owned SMEs. Some had to close their operations; others survived or even thrived during the crisis. This research aims to analyse the roles of owners’ personal values, literacy in marketing and finance, entrepreneurial competencies, and entrepreneurial resilience in influencing the sustainability of women-owned SMEs in Indonesia. A focus group discussion with four women SME owners was conducted to obtain insights on factors influencing firm’s sustainability during the pandemic. Based on the FGD and current literature, a research model was tested using a survey of 235 women SME owners. The results show that owner’s personal values have the most substantial influence on her entrepreneurial resilience, leading to SME’s sustainability. This paper contributes to the SME’s crisis management and women entrepreneurship literature by pinpointing which personal factors are vital for women-owned SMEs’ sustainability during a crisis, especially in an emerging country.
  Keywords: women SME; SME sustainability; entrepreneurial resilience; entrepreneurial competencies; personal factors; personal values; emerging countries.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10061268
   
  
• The role of leadership behaviour in shaping the sense of work in SMEs  
  by Nguyen Hoang Tien  
  Abstract: The article revolves around the two concepts associated with two different areas of management. It is the leadership behaviour of company’s staff belonging to the management classes and the sense of work of ordinary employees performing their tasks or functions on a daily basis in small and medium enterprises (SMEs), where the direct or non-direct relationship between these two groups of workers often takes place. The research question in this article is related to the role of leadership behaviour of managerial staff in forming and reinforcing belief and trust in the sense of work for employees. The article has tested a number of hypotheses underpinning this special relationship, thereby giving some critical recommendations and focal implications for managerial and non-managerial staff in SMEs. In addition, the article also has pointed out some limitations of the study as a basis for research adjustments in the future studies.
  Keywords: leadership behaviour; sense of work; meaning of work; management staff; ordinary employees; superior; subordinate; belief; trust personal relation; SMEs.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10061498
   
  
• Exploitation of humanistic and cultural tourism resources by SMEs in Ho Chi Minh City  
  by Nguyen Hoang Tien  
  Abstract: Tourism development is the ongoing trend to boost the socio-economic development of world’s economies. To strengthen development, it must be based on tourism resources. This article studies the opportunities to exploit the inherent cultural and humanistic resources to develop tourism in Ho Chi Minh City, one of the most dynamic and developed mega cities in Vietnam. Based on a number of basic research methods commonly applied in humanities and social sciences, from information and facts analysed based on the secondary and primary data collected in recent years, in addition to the recommendations put forward for different management levels, the author have proposed a set of diversified and integrated solutions for the purpose of more effective exploiting humanistic tourism resources dedicated for SMEs operating in the tourism industry to compensate for Ho Chi Minh City’s significant number of limitations in terms of natural tourism resources possession and effective exploitation.
  Keywords: tourism resources; humanistic tourism; festival; cuisine; craft village; historical sites; cultural sites; SMEs; Ho Chi Minh City; Vietnam.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10061563
   
  
• SUPPORTING THE DIFFUSION OF INNOVATIVE SMES. THE ITALIAN EXPERIENCE.  
  by Giuseppe Scandurra, Antonio Thomas, Andrea Appolloni 
  Abstract: Innovative SMEs are believed to be of fundamental importance for a territorial context’s social and economic development. Countries have adopted many policies to favour the diffusion of innovative SMEs, even if the results often appear contradictory. This study verifies the effectiveness of a specific decree-law encouraging entrepreneurs to open up their businesses to systematic innovations by analysing the financial and economic performances obtained by 617 innovative SMEs in the five-year period 2016-2020. Findings reveal that most SMEs who benefited from the measures envisaged by the decree achieved an acceptable situation, with valid profitability and a bearable financial and economic balance. The main implication of this study is that the polarisation of support measures on the enhancement of human resource skills can be at least as important as sources for access to financial resources.
  Keywords: innovative entrepreneurship; small and medium-sized enterprises; SMEs; financial and economic performances.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10061924
   
  
• Religious social capital and entrepreneurial opportunity exploitation of Indian Muslim youth entrepreneurs in South Africa  
  by Fatima Kaka, Caren B. Scheepers, Anastacia Mamabolo 
  Abstract: The rate of entrepreneurial activity among South Africa’s youth, a group aged 18 to 35 years, is low. The role of religion in promoting entrepreneurship among South Africa’s youth remains relatively under-researched, despite the importance of religious social capital as a contributor to entrepreneurial success. We explore how entrepreneurs rely on their religious social capital to exploit entrepreneurial opportunities. The narrative qualitative study was conducted in the context of the Indian Muslim community within South Africa. The data gathered from 12 Indian Muslim entrepreneurs showed that their social capital influences their pursuit of meaning when engaging in business activities. Pursuing meaning influences how they construct and access networks, resources, and trust-modulated or regulated business transactions. These elements of pursuit of purpose and meaning, resources, networks, and trust-modulated activities influenced by their religious social capital, contribute towards business development by providing opportunities for expansion and access to customers.
  Keywords: religion; entrepreneurship; ethnic; social capital; network ties; trust; Indian Muslim; South Africa.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10061942
   
  
• Analysing Rural Tribal Entrepreneurship in SMEs in the State of Jharkhand  
  by Kumar Gaurav, Akanksha Shukla 
  Abstract: Entrepreneurship in India is a vital part of the country’s economic structure and contributes to its overall economic growth. Tribal entrepreneurs are found in urban and rural locations, although the proportion is substantially higher in rural areas. These tribal entrepreneurs are mostly engaged in small and medium enterprises (SMEs). This research aims to analyse the tribal entrepreneurs-based businesses in different SME sectors based on various growth criteria using WASPAS and AHP, a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) approach. The combined approach is an appropriate method regarding the accuracy or the verification of the accuracy. The research presents the ranking of alternatives, i.e., the involvement of tribal entrepreneurs in various small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Based on the analysis, out of seven alternatives, NTFP-based enterprise is the most preferred medium and manufacturing-based enterprise is the least preferred sector by tribal entrepreneurs of Jharkhand.
  Keywords: tribal entrepreneurs; small and medium enterprises; SME; multi-criteria decision making; MCDM; WASPAS; analytical hierarchy process; AHP; indigenous.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10062113
   
  
• How do policy instruments shape the potential to become solo or employer entrepreneurs?  
  by Dieter Bögenhold, Martha O’Hagan-Luff, Zulaicha Parastuty, André Van Stel 
  Abstract: Entrepreneurial potential is an important concept in the field of entrepreneurship that precedes entrepreneurial intentions. In this paper, we investigate the antecedents of entrepreneurial potential of individuals who are currently not in self-employment using data from a large-scale survey of the adult population. We make the following contributions to extant literature. First, we distinguish between entrepreneurial potential to hire employees (i.e., to become an employer entrepreneur) and entrepreneurial potential to work alone (i.e., to become a solo entrepreneur). Second, we focus specifically on policy-related determinants of entrepreneurial potential, while distinguishing between perceptions of institutional conditions and direct support variables. Our empirical analysis reveals that respondents who indicate that the receipt of direct support with setting-up their business idea (over other types of direct support) would help them start a business are significantly more likely to have (strong) potential to become a solo entrepreneur (i.e., without employees), but significantly less likely to have (strong) potential to become an employer entrepreneur (i.e., with employees). Our results therefore suggest that policy programmes designed to stimulate new business formation may indeed lead to more entrepreneurs but not necessarily to more employer entrepreneurs creating additional wage jobs.
  Keywords: entrepreneurial potential; new business formation; employer entrepreneur; solo entrepreneur.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10062711
   
  
• Information technology entrepreneurs: a study to revisit positive psychology  
  by Richa Shekhar, Vandna Sharma 
  Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to study the positive psychology of IT industry. The current inquiry using mixed-method methodology has tried to comprehend the courage dimension in the psychological capital factor structure for IT entrepreneurs. Apart from hope, efficacy, resilience and optimism (HERO) dimensions several other positive psychological resources may be included in its framework. The current paper is organised into two phases. The study in phase 1 conducted qualitative investigations using the paradigm-model approach. The findings identified courage as a probable psychological resource through 24 in-depth interviews. To verify the finding of qualitative investigation, the phase-2 study empirically examined the same on a sample of 224 Indian IT entrepreneurs. The expanded measurement model (expanded psychological capital or EPC) is compared with original PsyCap HERO model using structural equation modelling. The findings show initial support for the novel five factor expanded psychological capital (EPC) framework including original HERO dimensions and courage.
  Keywords: psychological capital; expanded psychological capital; EPC; courage; structural equation modelling; SEM; entrepreneurship.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10063089
   
  
• Institutional complexity and SME strategies: a Western Balkans perspective  
  by Tine Lehmann 
  Abstract: This article examines the institutional complexity shaping SME strategies in the Western Balkans. Considering SMEs’ pivotal role in transition economies demands a clearer understanding of institutional complexity. Employing an institutional theory perspective and an inductive grounded theory method, we unveil the significance of institutional voids and asymmetries in complex institutional settings. We demonstrate the influence of the EU integration process in moving from institutional voids to institutional asymmetries. Additionally, two opposing institutional logics emerge as dominant in the Western Balkans, adding to institutional complexity. We can affirm that institutional complexity propels an escape-type internationalisation as the main SME strategy. With this research we entangle the institutional complexity in transition economies and contribute valuable insights for policymakers, emphasising the need for targeted policies amid ongoing transition processes.
  Keywords: institutional complexity; institutional voids; institutional logics; institutional asymmetries; internationalisation; SME strategies; transition economies; Southeast Europe; Western Balkans; EU integration.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10063143
   
  
• Using projects to innovate business models in Kazakhstani food industry  
  by Laura B. Baizhanova, Duissekul A. Kunanbayeva, John K. Christiansen 
  Abstract: This article discusses the organisation of the introduction of open innovations and project management into existing business models in the food industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan by comparing them with foreign experience. The comments and suggestions are based on an empirical qualitative study conducted at Rakhat JSC and on the basis of a desk study conducted by the Danish company Arla Foods. In the study on the example of the company Rakhat JSC, the authors note that the quality management system covers all areas of the companys activities, in particular, quality control includes the correct operation of equipment and machines, compliance with production standards, the high-quality performance of the duties of each employee, taking into account the wishes and feedback of consumers, as well as constant and continuous input quality control of raw materials and final quality control of finished products.
  Keywords: food industry; project management; business modelling; business project management; innovations.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10063144
   
  
• Evaluating the growth, challenges and social impact of a social enterprise: a case from Japan  
  by Shiaw Jia Eyo  
  Abstract: The increasing interest in social enterprises and social entrepreneurship in Japan sets the backdrop for this research. However, the domain of social impact measurement by these enterprises remains underexplored. This paper aims to investigate the growth and challenges faced by a social enterprise, examine methods for measuring social impact, and assess readiness for impact scaling. Employing a case study approach, the research demonstrates a pragmatic method for social enterprises to assess and enhance their impact, utilising the value impact chain approach and the SCALERS model. The findings highlight the intricate balance a social enterprise must maintain to achieve its dual objectives of social value creation and financial viability. Furthermore, the managerial insights derived from this study are particularly beneficial for small enterprises, providing strategic insights on focusing resources and prioritising actions in environments marked by resource constraints.
  Keywords: social enterprise; social entrepreneurship; social impact; social impact measurement; scaling social impact; Japan.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10063176
   
  
• Analysing motivational factors for indigenous entrepreneurs in the Indian context  
  by Kumar Gaurav, Akanksha Shukla 
  Abstract: To foster inclusive growth and sustainable economic development across developing countries, it is important to comprehend the driving forces motivating individuals' entrepreneurial endeavours. The study investigates the motivational factors that stimulate individuals to participate in entrepreneurial activity among indigenous communities. The study has identified eight motivational factors through comprehensive review of literature and experts' opinion and examined their association using DEMATEL (MCDM) method. The study results highlighted that motivational factors influence entrepreneurial aspirations among indigenous or tribal communities. Education (M7) is ranked top among the causal factors and validating market needs (M3) is the most negligible effect factor. The findings have significant contribution to the existing literature and policy formulation in the area of indigenous entrepreneurship.
  Keywords: entrepreneurship; indigenous entrepreneurs; tribal; motivational factors; DEMATEL.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10063363
   
  
• Unveiling the landscape of female entrepreneurship in Albania: a comprehensive literature review  
  by Kladiola Gjini  
  Abstract: This study conducts a systematic literature review to explore the landscape of female entrepreneurship in Albania. The review aims to provide an overview of the main trends and highlight the scholarly literature related to female entrepreneurship, with the intention of generating interest and incentive further research in this field. The findings reveal the relatively new emergence of female entrepreneurship in the Albanian economy and the limited availability of data and policies addressing the unique challenges faced by women entrepreneurs. The review emphasises the importance of fostering an enabling environment through measures such as improving access to finance, enhancing educational and training opportunities, and promoting supportive networks. It concludes by providing insights and recommendations for future research and policy interventions to promote and empower female entrepreneurship in Albania.
  Keywords: Albania; female entrepreneurship; gender equality; economic growth.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10063394
   
  
• How a coopetition-oriented mindset and competitive intensity drive coopetition behaviour to support export scale-up activities in a post-crisis environment  
  by Ali Mahdi, David Crick, James M. Crick, Wadid Lamine, Martine Spence 
  Abstract: This study unpacks the complexity of the relationship between a coopetition-oriented mindset, coopetition activities (collaboration with competitors), and competitive intensity. The research setting features passive exporting firms seeking to scale-up sales abroad in an immediate post-crisis period (after COVID-19). Following 20 field interviews, a survey of 306 under-resourced wine producers in the USA was utilised in the model testing stage. Findings evidence respective significant positive relationships between first, a coopetition-oriented mindset; second, competitive intensity, and engaging in coopetition activities. A non-significant moderation effect existed regarding competitive intensity on the coopetition-oriented mindset - coopetition activities relationship. The field interviews offer unique insights highlighting that pivoted coopetition practices in the move from a passive to active exporting involvement following a crisis can take time to achieve benefits. Not least, because decision-makers face new levels of competitive intensity across product-market strategies, affecting the nature of their coopetition partners.
  Keywords: competitive intensity; coopetition; crisis; mindset; passive exporters; resource-based theory; scale-up.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10063429
   
  
• Effective Sustainable Entrepreneurship in Japanese Organisations  
  by Natsuko Tokaji, Charbel Salloum, Hajer Jarrar, Jean-François Verdie 
  Abstract: This study investigates the influence of sustainability practices on the adaptability of Japanese firms in international business environments. Utilising a sample of 384 Japanese firms, with participation from two board members and two marketing department members each, the study aggregates 1,536 observations to analyse the relationship dynamics. Through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and regression analysis, the study demonstrates that the business sustainability adaptability method (BSAM) significantly enhances Japanese entity adaptability (JEA), with communication (COM) and adaptation level of globalisation (ALG) serving as critical moderators. Comparative insights highlight the distinctive sustainability approaches between Japanese firms and their global counterparts, offering theoretical and practical implications for international business strategy. This research enriches the discourse within resource-based view, institutional theory, network theory, and stakeholder theory, positioning sustainability as a strategic imperative in global competitiveness.
  Keywords: sustainability; corporate adaptability; entrepreneurship; cross cultural management.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10063692
   
  
• Circular entrepreneurial ecosystem: a hybrid review and research agenda  
  by Abdollah Mohammadparst Tabas, Mohsin Abdur Rehman, Christina Theodoraki, Hanna Komulainen, Wisdom Kanda 
  Abstract: The importance of circular economy and entrepreneurial ecosystems are continuously growing. Despite the proliferation of related literature in recent years, there is a lack of systematic and holistic review that consolidates and provides intersectional perspective on circular economy and entrepreneurial ecosystems. Therefore, the present hybrid review combines bibliometric analysis and systematic literature review methods. By collecting relevant scholarly articles from the Web of Science database platform, this study explores the interconnected themes of the circular economy and entrepreneurial ecosystem, and based on this, the concept of the circular entrepreneurial ecosystem emerged. This intersectional view advances the understanding of the actors who collaborate to enhance resource efficiency and minimise waste generation by emphasising repair, reuse, refurbishment, sharing and recycling as key strategies for sustainable development. The study identifies three dominant research themes and sheds light on the significance of the entrepreneurial ecosystem in the transition towards a circular economy.
  Keywords: circular economy; entrepreneurial ecosystem; circular entrepreneurial ecosystem; CEE; sustainability; bibliometric and systematic literature review; SLR.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10063693
   
  
• Factors affecting sustainable entrepreneurial behaviour among youth community: assessment through interpretive structural modelling and MICMAC approach  
  by Shivam Bhardwaj, Sucheta Agarwal, Vikas Tripathi 
  Abstract: Entrepreneurship has become a crucial force for global economic development, innovation, and job creation. The concept of sustainable entrepreneurship, which integrates economic, social, and environmental objectives, has emerged as a response to this shift. Youth, particularly in India, hold a significant role in entrepreneurship due to their potential to shape the socio-economic environment. Growing youth population and diverse socio economic environment of India provide an ideal environment for research into the factors influencing sustainable entrepreneurial behaviour of the youth. This study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the factors determining sustainable entrepreneurial behaviour among the youth community by investigating the interaction among various factors. The study develops a conceptual model using interpretive structural modelling (ISM) and MICMAC approaches, finding that government policies, entrepreneurial education, social capital, achievement, risk-taking, self-efficacy, entrepreneurial attitude, and sustainable entrepreneurial intention all contribute to encouraging sustainable entrepreneurial behaviour among the youth community.
  Keywords: entrepreneurial education; interpretive structural modelling; ISM; India; sustainable entrepreneurial behaviour; SEB; sustainable entrepreneurial intention; SEI; attitude; youth community.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10064115
   
  
• Reasons for and perception of digitalisation in micro- and small enterprises  
  by Robert Eller, Mike Peters, Laurens Schmieder 
  Abstract: Recent studies indicate that incumbent micro- and small-businesses are lagging in digital transformation. This qualitative study examines the triggers of digitalisation perceived by owner-managers in incumbent micro-businesses. Digital transformation is associated with enhancing business process efficiency, opportunities to expand the product and service portfolio, and to improve communication capabilities. However, incumbent micro-SMEs tend to avoid adopting complex digital technologies and radical changes to their business model. This reluctance poses risks, including a lack of recognition of new threats, inadequate strategic thinking, and low innovation efforts. Moreover, digital transformation efforts may lead to a decrease in the profitability of micro-SMEs due to the necessity of higher wages for highly skilled employees. The findings suggest owner-managers should focus on creating an innovative environment to attract educated and skilled employees who are essential for effectively navigating the challenges posed by digital transformation and ensuring the long-term success and competitiveness of their micro-SMEs.
  Keywords: digitalisation; digital transformation; performance; small- and medium-sized enterprises; SMEs; micro-SME; micro-business; perception; owner-manager; small business; perception.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10064918
   
  
• A bibliometric analysis of micro small and medium enterprises research impacted by COVID-19  
  by Kshitiz Sharma, Madhumita Chatterji 
  Abstract: The contribution of MSME has been recognised by all major economies. The fragile nature of this sector catches researchers' attention. During crisis, there are multiple angles where researchers get active such as sustainability, crisis management, human development, innovation, economic impact among others. Still, it is not clear what areas of MSME continue to hold researchers' attention and how the trend is changing. This study focuses on a bibliometric overview of published research work in the MSME sector during the COVID-19 pandemic, it examines papers between 2019 and 2022 and carry out performance analysis, co-citation analysis, bibliographic coupling and conceptual and thematic mapping. Overall, 647 Scopus papers have been identified, and published in a short span of 2019-2022. The Python-based software Bibliometrix and VOSviewer are used for analysis. The result highlights 650.67% annual growth. This study will help researchers to identify the trending topics in MSME. The major research themes are identified as motor, basic, niche, emerging or declining themes.
  Keywords: bibliometrics; COVID-19; micro; small and medium enterprise; MSME; Scopus; VOSviewer.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10065003
   
  
• A comprehensive scale for assessing the impact of COVID-19 on agricultural procurers: development and validation  
  by Aravindh Kumar S, Rajesh Kumar Verma, Amita Sharma, Manmeet Kaur, Arvind Kumar Jhajharia, Vandana Kumari 
  Abstract: This study presents the development and validation of a comprehensive scale to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on agricultural procurers. The pandemic significantly disrupted the agricultural sector, affecting supply chains and the livelihoods of procurers. The scale, crafted through a systematic process involving item collection, relevancy assessment, analysis, reliability and validity evaluation, factor analysis, and scoring procedure development, comprises 20 items categorised into supply chain disruptions, socio-environmental effects, and financial disruptions. Demonstrating high reliability and validity, the scale allows for categorisation into four impact levels. This study addresses a critical research gap with a meticulously developed scale, validated statistically, revealing factors: 'supply chain disruptions', ' socio-environmental effects' and ' financial impact'. With strong internal consistency and correlation coefficients, the scale enables categorisation ranging from minimal to severe impact. It stands as crucial resource for policymakers and researchers striving to comprehend and address the complex challenges faced by agricultural procurers' post-pandemic.
  Keywords: COVID-19; agricultural procurers; scale development; scale validation; supply chain disruptions; socio-environmental effects; financial disruptions; impact assessment; pandemic effects; and resilience.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10065179
   
  
• Contrasting the journey of solopreneurs and entrepreneurs in business success- a qualitative inquiry  
  by Pawan Kumar, Ritu Kumra, Sumesh Dadwal 
  Abstract: This paper aims to examine the distinctions between solopreneurs and entrepreneurs, highlighting significant differences between the two terms. Moreover, it explores the specific impact of the pandemic on solopreneurs. To gain comprehensive insights, qualitative research methods were employed. In-depth interviews with six solopreneurs were conducted to understand their experiences and approaches. The study adopts a comparative approach, analysing and contrasting the business practices of solopreneurs and entrepreneurs. It sheds light on the unique strategies employed by solopreneurs, which enable them to navigate the current business environment more effectively. The findings of the study reveal that solopreneurs indeed follow a unique approach in their activities, contributing to greater success when compared to entrepreneurs. Furthermore, the study presents a tailored business plan template for solopreneurs, recognising their distinct needs and circumstances.
  Keywords: solopreneur; entrepreneur; navigate; challenges; differences; business plan.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10065180
   
  
• Fair leadership and job satisfaction: insights from SMEs  
  by Nadine Hojaili, Charbel Salloum, Hajer Jarrar, Marc Valax 
  Abstract: This study examines how fairness and leadership affect job satisfaction in Lebanese small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), drawing on social exchange theory. Analysing responses from 1,127 participants using structural equation modelling, the findings show that interactional justice or fair and respectful treatment by leaders positively influences leader-member exchange and job satisfaction, reinforcing the importance of quality leadership. Contrary to expectations, procedural justice or fairness in processes does not directly improve leader-member relationships, hinting that specific situational factors might play a more crucial role. Furthermore, the anticipated mediating role of leader-member exchange between procedural justice and job satisfaction was not supported, nor was gender found to significantly affect these relationships. These results suggest the need for SMEs to focus on personalised leadership and fair communication to enhance employee relations and satisfaction, regardless of gender. The study highlights the significance of adopting inclusive practices and effective crisis management strategies that prioritise both procedural and interactional justice to build organisational resilience.
  Keywords: procedural justice; PJ; interactional justice; leader-member exchange; gender-inclusive.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10065197
   
  
• The role of learning on developing entrepreneurial skills  
  by Ines Ben Chikha, Anis Jarboui 
  Abstract: Recently, social entrepreneurship has been considered as a solution to mitigate various environmental and economic challenges. To succeed in the entrepreneurial process, social entrepreneurs must acquire entrepreneurial skills. In order to contribute to this research field, the present study focused on the role of learning in acquiring entrepreneurial skills. In pursuit of this objective, an examination was carried out using statistical methods involving a sample size of 213 individuals engaged in social entrepreneurship. Based on the partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) method, our empirical study demonstrated that experiential learning, social network learning, and learning through incubators positively influence the acquisition of entrepreneurial skills. To enhance and sustain social investment, it is crucial to encourage experiential learning within social enterprises, engage in social networks, and integrate into incubators that promote social entrepreneurship.
  Keywords: social entrepreneurship; entrepreneurial learning; entrepreneurial skills; experience; social network; incubator.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10065769
   
  
• The role of ecosystem collaborations in the internationalisation of SMEs: empirical evidence from Finland  
  by Khuram Shahzad, Shahid Hafeez 
  Abstract: This research examines the interactions among different actors in the knowledge ecosystem and their roles in enabling internationalisation of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Through a qualitative research and empirical data collected from different actors of the ecosystem, our results differentiated the SMEs’ collaboration with core value chain actors and intermediary organisations and their varying roles, i.e., weaker in core value chain and dynamic supporting roles of intermediaries in SMEs’ internationalisation. Ecosystem collaboration of SMEs with their customer and competitors, although, supported in expanding their businesses to international markets, their scope remained limited due to the project specificity. While, we found a dual role of intermediaries in the ecosystem, supporting SMEs in developing knowledge through their services and function as a bridge enabler between partners and competitors to ensure a connection with international networks. This helps SMEs to find their new markets and customers through potential collaborations with other firms.
  Keywords: knowledge ecosystem; internationalisation; small and medium enterprises; SMEs; intermediary organisations; internationalisation process.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10065824
   
  
• The psychology of entrepreneurial opportunity for entrepreneurship: evidence from North Africa  
  by Elhem Ben Fatma, Ezzeddine Ben Mohamed, Sami Boudabous 
  Abstract: This paper aims to study the extent to which the entrepreneurial opportunity process is rational. We use a methodology that links directly between the proxy of the psychological biases of entrepreneurs and the opportunity identification and pursuit. Our sample consists of 180 Tunisian entrepreneurs and we apply an ordinary least square analysis. Our results highlight that entrepreneurs’ psychology is for interest, and it influences both the opportunity identification and pursuit. In summary, the psychological biases can help entrepreneurs to identify new opportunities, but also these biases generally have a negative effect on opportunity pursuit. As policy implications, Tunisian government is invited to give a special attention to the effect of entrepreneurs’ psychology on the success of new ventures. In fact, it seems that a high level of some well documented such as overconfidence, optimism among others, can negatively affect the new venture into different levels of the entrepreneurial process.
  Keywords: opportunity identification; opportunity pursuit; dispositional optimism; overconfidence; optimism; prospect theory.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10065825
   
  
• Elevating rural women’s empowerment: a case study on the impact of the sustainable livelihood scheme on extreme poverty in Bihar, India  
  by Jatin Kumar Jaiswal, Dharen Kumar Pandey, Brajesh Kumar, Jogeswar Mahato 
  Abstract: This study is a novel attempt to investigate the influence of the sustainable livelihood scheme (Satat Jeevikoparjan Yojana - SJY) in empowering rural ultra-poor women and alleviating poverty in Gaya and Jehanabad districts of Bihar, India, to develop significant themes for shaping future research strategies and policies to achieve sustainable livelihoods. We have selected Bihar because it is one of Indias most backward states and has the second-highest self-help group network. We employed case study and content analysis methods, collecting data through in-depth semi-structured interviews using purposive sampling from six SJY members launched by JEEViKA. We found SJY promotes economic, social, and psychological empowerment through self-employment and entrepreneurial opportunities provided by JEEViKA. Despite these insights, the studys scope is constrained by its limited sample size, which comprises six respondents across two districts. Future investigations may consider a larger sample size and more districts in Bihar, India.
  Keywords: women empowerment; Satat Jeevikoparjan Yojana; SJY; self-help group; content analysis; case study; India.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10065972
   
  
• Starting a part-time small business: a systematic literature review of moonlighting  
  by Sakshi Saxena, Ambarish Saharan Vidyarthi, Alka Swami 
  Abstract: This paper provides a comprehensive review of the current research landscape on moonlighting, focusing on its trends, determinants, and outcomes. The study examines 37 articles published between 2011 and 2023 from the SCOPUS database, employing a systematic approach to analyse methods and synthesise the literature. The findings highlight diverse factors influencing moonlighting, including demographics, socio-economic, psychological, social, cultural, financial, and technological factors. The review outlines key outcomes of moonlighting and proposes a future research agenda, summarising recommendations through research questions on variables and their linkages, as well as methodological advancements. The study encapsulates the scholarly contributions in the field over recent years and lays out an extensive future research agenda to further our understanding of this common employment practice.
  Keywords: systematic literature review; moonlighting; secondary job; moonlighting.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10066242
   
  
• From boardroom to factory: how CEO commitment and CSR shape SMEs eco-performance  
  by Syed Haider Ali Shah, Charbel Salloum, Hajer Jarrar, Miriam R. Aziz, Jean-François Verdie 
  Abstract: This study delves into factors influencing environmental performance, with an emphasis on green human resource management (GHRM), environmental corporate social responsibility (ECSR), pro-environmental behaviour, and CEO environmental commitment. After surveying middle-level managers from 410 SMEs through stratified random sampling, findings highlight GHRM’s pronounced impact on augmenting environmental performance. Parallelly, ECSR positively steers both pro-environmental behaviour and environmental performance. Intriguingly, ECSR and pro-environmental behaviour serve as mediators between GHRM and environmental performance. The CEO’s environmental dedication distinctly moderates the association between pro-environmental behaviour and environmental outcomes. Collectively, insights illuminate GHRM’s centrality in bolstering environmental performance in SMEs while spotlighting ECSR and pro-environmental behaviour as integral mediators. The findings pave a strategic path for SMEs to amplify decarbonisation efforts, underscoring the essence of employee pro-environmental actions steered by GHRM and ECSR directives.
  Keywords: green HR practices; environmental performance; environmental CSR; SMEs; green human resource management; GHRM; environmental corporate social responsibility; ECSR.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10066322
   
  
• Evaluating teamwork efficacy in enterprise education for Arab female engineers: a process-centric perspective  
  by Naveed Yasin, Khalid Hafeez, Imran Anwar, Aidin Salamzadeh 
  Abstract: This study departs from the common outcome-oriented teamwork assessment to a process-oriented perspective among Arab female engineering students in enterprise education programs. Focused on a UAE Higher Education Institution’s entrepreneurship learning program, the research explores three dimensions: 1) the ‘enterprising’ learning environment, 2) intrateam communication quality, and 3) intrateam collaboration. Analysing the data collected from 42 female respondents with SPSS, the findings challenge the assumption that a high-quality environment ensures success, revealing that teamwork efficiency relies on the interplay of learning environment, communication, and collaboration. The study illustrates the nuanced impact of team-play ability, leadership potential, risk-taking, and openness to criticism on female students’ teamwork. Conversely, the need for autonomy and financial capital access emerges as detractors. This research provides insights for educators and professionals, highlighting the necessity of cultivating soft skills to capitalise on enterprise opportunities, setting the stage for future effective teamwork strategies in enterprise education.
  Keywords: entrepreneurship education; teamwork efficacy; enterprise education; Arab female engineers; process-centric perspective.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2026.10066589
   
  
• Fostering innovation adoption for enhanced SME performance: evidence from Addis Ababas manufacturing sector  
  by Nigus Tadesse Beshe, Mari Jansen Van Rensburg 
  Abstract: SMEs operating in transition economies, serving customers with limited purchasing power, demand frugal innovation to succeed in saturated markets with low-value and low-technology products. These SMEs rely on pricing strategies for survival and leverage internal resources and capabilities to enhance value or reduce costs. This study, conducted in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia’s manufacturing sector, explores the link between innovation adoption and SME performance. Quantitative data from 692 respondents were analysed using structural equation modelling. Results indicate a significant correlation between innovation adoption and firm performance, attributed to human and financial resources investments and supportive organisational culture. External environmental factors had minimal impact on innovation adoption or performance. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers and decision-makers aiming to support innovation adoption and SME performance. Findings emphasise the significance of contextual distinctions and the value of innovation studies within the unique business environment in which it operates.
  Keywords: innovation adoption; firm resources; business environment dynamics; SMEs’ performance; market orientation.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10066626
   
  
• Explicit and tacit knowledge for opportunity identification: implications for latent and manifest entrepreneurial intention  
  by Javier Alfonso Rodriguez-Escobar, Raphael Lissillour, Jean-Michel Sahut 
  Abstract: This article explains how explicit and tacit knowledge find hidden and visible entrepreneurial opportunities. Psychological approaches reveal entrepreneurial intention factors. The recommended conceptual framework was compared by 235 university students from different disciplines. Data was analysed using structural equation modelling. Latent entrepreneurial ambition induces visible entrepreneurial intention in the study. Tacit and explicit information influence entrepreneurial intention formation, and gender and study programme type may alter the model. According to the research, entrepreneurs must identify opportunities. Tacit knowledge impacts entrepreneurial purpose, while explicit information identifies opportunities. Research focuses improving entrepreneurial skills, starting with opportunity identification. To best serve students’ entrepreneurial goals, university entrepreneurship curricula should mix explicit and tacit local knowledge.
  Keywords: explicit knowledge; tacit knowledge; latent entrepreneurial intention; EI; manifest entrepreneurial intention; entrepreneurship training.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10066628
   
  
• Brazilian-Japanese reverse diaspora, labour and entrepreneurship reflections on sustainable ethnic migration policies  
  by Roberto P.Q. Falcão, Eduardo Picanco Cruz, Raushan Aman, Maria Elo 
  Abstract: Ethnic migration policy is rarely examined in labour market and migrant entrepreneurship research. The phenomenon of return migration among third generation ‘dekasseguis’, who are Brazilian citizens of Japanese heritage, represents one solution for Japan’s struggle with its economic future. We examine the integration of ethnic migrants into Japanese society and economy employing multiple methods. We discovered significant roles of historical ethnic ties and transgenerational diaspora, but also found unsupportive and discriminatory policies, questioning the sustainability of these practices. Existing Japanese social and cultural integration programmes do not match the diverse needs of different generations of reverse diasporans and co-ethnic returnees. Further, considering factors such as language proficiency, country of origin, previous residence, duration of residing abroad, professional experience, education, and plans for settlement would foster societal integration, international business, and the Japanese economy.
  Keywords: reverse diaspora; circular migration; ethnic migration policy; Brazilian immigrants; societal integration.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2026.10066629
   
  
• Impact of innovation on productivity growth of SMEs in a factor-driven economy  
  by Jan Vang Brambini-Pedersen, Kent Wickstrøm Jensen, Nikita Baklanov, Charbel Salloum, Matteo Rossi 
  Abstract: This study explores the relationship between various types of innovation and productivity growth in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) within Vietnam, a factor-driven economy. Utilising a longitudinal dataset from three surveys of 3,550 Vietnamese manufacturing SMEs, the study employs regression analysis to account for dual causality between innovation and factor productivity growth. The results reveal that process innovation leads to greater productivity gains compared to product modification and product innovation strategies. The findings underscore the importance of process innovation in enhancing productivity in factor-driven economies, where firms primarily exploit unskilled labour and natural resources. The study also highlights the need for policymakers to tailor innovation support strategies to the unique contexts of factor-driven economies, emphasising process innovations that leverage existing factor endowments. The research contributes to the limited literature on innovation in the lowest stages of economic development and provides practical insights for promoting sustainable economic growth in developing countries.
  Keywords: innovation; factor productivity growth; developing countries; factor-driven economies.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2026.10066650
   
  
• The "film" of agricultural entrepreneurship: a longitudinal look at the phenomenon  
  by Asael Islas-Moreno, Alejandro Rodríguez-Ortega, Gabriel Aguirre-Álvarez 
  Abstract: Despite being a longitudinal phenomenon, agricultural entrepreneurship has been studied predominantly addressing its background and results (‘photographs’ of the phenomenon), but not the process by which it is developed (‘film’ of the phenomenon). The study proposes to explore agricultural entrepreneurship through a ‘film’ logic and not ‘photographs’. It is based on a case study design through which three enterprises are explored that comply with: 1) being developed within, from or around agriculture; 2) shape businesses that deviate from the usual in a defined time and space framework; 3) offer opportunities to access detailed information. The film tells in three scenes how farmers with a strong attachment to territories and agricultural activities, through education and emigration, develop human capital and social capital, which raises their expectations and allows them to identify opportunities and take advantage of the surrounding resources.
  Keywords: entrepreneurship; agriculture; agricultural entrepreneurship; rural entrepreneurship; place attachment; agripreneurship; agribusiness.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2026.10066822
   
  
• Analysing the marketing channels used for selling products by tribal entrepreneurs in the State of Jharkhand, India  
  by Kumar Gaurav, Akanksha Shukla 
  Abstract: In the rapidly evolving globalised landscape and consumer behaviour, understanding the diverse marketing channels employed for product sales is pivotal. This study delves into the intricate landscape of marketing channels employed by tribal entrepreneurs in the State of Jharkhand, aiming to understand their strategies, challenges, and implications comprehensively. Through empirical investigation and qualitative analysis, this research explores spectrum of marketing channels these entrepreneurs utilise, encompassing traditional avenues. The PROMETHEE II and AHP method presents a complete ranking of alternatives and prioritises these alternatives over multiple criteria. Based on the analysis, out of five alternatives, the local market is more compatible marketing channel for tribal entrepreneurs of Jharkhand to sell their products. The findings of this research not only contribute to filling the research gap in understanding the marketing dynamics of tribal entrepreneurship but also offer practical insights for policymakers, businesses, and marketers seeking to support and engage with these entrepreneurs.
  Keywords: tribal entrepreneurs; indigenous; marketing channels; analytical hierarchy process; AHP; PROMETHEE II.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2026.10066853
   
  
• Corporate governance and capital structure decisions of textile sector in Bangladesh  
  by Md. Alaul Haque, Mohammad Shahidul Hoque, Md. Mizanur Rahman, Nishath Anjum, Md. Saidur Rahaman 
  Abstract: This study examines how corporate governance affects capital structure decisions in Bangladeshs textile industry. This quantitative study collected data from 21 DSE-listed textile companies financial reports. The study uses descriptive analysis, ANOVA, correlation, and multiple regressions. The study found that board meetings, same-family members, independent board members, and the audit committee all improve the textile industrys capital structure. However, CEO duality, audit committee size, return on equity, board size, committee composition, and the number of audit committee members all have a negative correlation with capital structure decisions. These disclosures show considerable effects on Bangladeshs textile capital structure. Enhancing corporate governance can improve corporate social responsibility, legal frameworks, risk mitigation, investor confidence, cost efficiency, and industry growth, resulting in significant economic benefits. The study shows the intricate relationship between corporate governance and capital structure decisions, helping Bangladeshs textile industry make educated decisions and build policies.
  Keywords: Bangladesh; corporate governance; CG; capital structure; CS; capital structure decisions; and textile industry.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10066854
   
  
• Criteria for entrepreneurial universities: insights from British universities  
  by Alvin Aldawod 
  Abstract: This study seeks to develop a structured framework that can be utilised to assess and ascertain the level of entrepreneurship exhibited by a university. This qualitative study of documentary secondary data, website content, and 25 comprehensive semi-structured interviews with both deans and directors of enterprise/entrepreneurship centres deals with the culture and mindset, vision and strategy, and policy and practice and entrepreneurial impact of British Universities. The data was structured, coded, and clustered using two modes, namely the template analysis and the framework analysis. Analysing the data of this study results in developing an empirical model for the criteria that can be used to decide whether a university is entrepreneurial. The most important feature of this model is that it contains details that make it more comprehensive compared to other models. This model also presented new views that are somewhat different from what was included in the literature. One of the most important of these views is that entrepreneurial universities have a more pronounced and substantial effect on the economy in comparison to non-entrepreneurial universities.
  Keywords: entrepreneurial university; entrepreneurial university criteria; institutional theory.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10067073
   
  
• Firm resiliency and dividend policy during the COVID-19 pandemic  
  by Prasenjit Roy, Santi Gopal Maji, Matteo Rossi 
  Abstract: The study investigates the impact of COVID-19 on dividend policies among resilient and non-resilient Indian firms listed in the BSE 500 index from 20142015 to 20222023. As highlighted by Krieger et al. (2021), the COVID-19 pandemic compelled companies to reassess their dividend policies in response to economic disruptions. To analyse the pandemic’s effect on dividend strategies, the research employs a system generalised method of moments (system GMM) model. The findings reveal that the pandemic significantly influenced firms’ dividend policies, with non-resilient firms reducing their dividends compared to resilient firms. Additionally, firms with high return on assets (ROA), total assets (TA), and Tobin’s Q (TBQ) maintained strong dividend payments during the pandemic, while highly leveraged firms struggled to sustain dividends. These results have practical implications for corporate and investment sector decision-makers, underscoring the importance of strategic and adaptive decision-making to ensure resilience in times of economic crisis.
  Keywords: COVID-19; dividend policies; BSE 500 index; system GMM; resilient firms; non-resilient firms; firm size; financial indicators; economic downturns.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2026.10067162
   
  
• Innovation in higher education universities (entrepreneurship education), start-ups and MSMEs: a state-of-the-art technology-based mentorship centre for business scalability  
  by Sanjay Kumar Sharma, Yogesh Mahajan, Vinod Sharma 
  Abstract: This paper proposes a systematic technology-based mentoring design through a technology-based ‘business mentorship centre’ system to scale up the businesses of MSMEs in collaboration with higher education institutions (HEIs), entrepreneurship education, and mentors with startups and MSMEs. The objective is to propose a business mentoring model for professional efficiency and scalability, integrating the key partners connecting HEIs, MSMEs, startups, and mentors. The research uses a methodical literature review and the agile SALSA framework, concentrating on concepts like ‘ mentorship’, ‘ entrepreneurship’, ‘ higher education’, ‘ MSMEs’, ‘ business growth’, and ‘ start-ups’ to create a multidisciplinary foundation. The analysis shows how effective technology is for mentoring in terms of increased adaptability, accessibility, and collaborative outcomes. The approach acts as a focal point, enabling measurable objectives for all stakeholders and utilising the interconnectedness of HEIs, entrepreneurship, mentoring, MSMEs, and startups. The strategy includes incorporating ‘ mentoring hubs’ for aspiring student entrepreneurs and MSMEs into higher education, supporting overall business expansion and management effectiveness. This cutting-edge mentorship framework enhances knowledge of collaborative mentoring, partner responsibilities, and scalability while encouraging the growth of entrepreneurship through creative and valuable ideas.
  Keywords: entrepreneurship; mentorship; MSMEs; startups; higher education; business scalability.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10067318
   
  
• From tradition to opportunity: the sustainable livelihood approach of Jaipur Rugs  
  by Nisha Kumari, Indukuri Bangar Raju, Manjushree Paruchuru 
  Abstract: Jaipur Rugs is a family business and one of India’s largest manufacturers of hand-knotted rugs. The prime objective of Jaipur Rugs is to develop the artisans’ creative abilities, allowing them to achieve their goals and live a dignified life. The study aims to assess whether working under Jaipur Rugs is an opportunity or necessity for the Aspura weavers, to know the difficulties faced by the weavers during the COVID pandemic, and to learn the initiatives taken by the Jaipur Rugs. The qualitative approach was followed for the study using the descriptive analysis method. The inductive single-case study approach has been adopted, and the data was collected using focused group discussions (FGDs) and semi-structured interviews. The study concludes that adopting Jaipur Rugs’ philosophy and business model can help other carpet industries to grow and can become the reason for the growth of many more weavers at a global level.
  Keywords: Jaipur Rugs; weavers; weavers participation; COVID pandemic; sustainable livelihood.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2026.10067361
   
  
• Empathy and passion: keys to social entrepreneurship  
  by Ines Ben Chikha, Virginie Hachard, Alain Fayolle, Hajer Jarrar, Anis Jarboui 
  Abstract: This study examines the motivations influencing social entrepreneurial intentions among Tunisian students. Utilising Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Discriminant Analysis (DA), data was collected from 302 students at the Faculty of Economics and Management Sciences of Sfax. The results reveal that both intrinsic motivations (such as those responding to needs, empathy, social innovation, and passion) and extrinsic motivations (including family background, relational networks, entrepreneurship education, national culture, and digital channels) positively impact students' social entrepreneurial intentions. The findings highlight the need to foster a social entrepreneurial mindset among Tunisian students, suggesting that dedicated training and academic programs in universities are crucial for promoting social entrepreneurship as a viable career option. This study underscores the importance of supporting social entrepreneurs to address pressing societal challenges and suggests further research on the actualization of social entrepreneurial intentions.
  Keywords: social entrepreneurship intention; intrinsic motivations; extrinsic motivations; Tunisian context.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2026.10067374
   
  
• Exploring opportunities and challenges in green entrepreneurship: a qualitative analysis of the voice of owners in textile industry  
  by Harmanpreet Singh, Pawan Kumar, Pooja Kansra 
  Abstract: This study delves into exploring the opportunities and challenges encountered by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) engaged in green entrepreneurship in the textile industry. The study conducted 20 in-depth face-to-face interviews with SME owners, achieving data saturation at the 15th interview, ensuring comprehensive coverage of themes. Employing thematic and narrative analysis alongside the interpretive approach allowed for a nuanced exploration of participants' experiences and viewpoints, enhancing understanding of their underlying meanings. The thematic analysis has unveiled a robust framework, comprising 5 'G's representing opportunities and 5 'C's representing challenges in green entrepreneurship within the textile industry. A total of 22 sub-themes were identified under the 5 'G's, and 20 sub-themes under the 5 'C's, derived from in-depth interviews with SME owners. This research furnishes valuable insights for practitioners and policymakers, emphasising the need for tailored strategies to support SMEs in overcoming challenges and promoting the opportunities for initiating green practices.
  Keywords: green entrepreneurship; small and medium enterprises; SMEs; thematic analysis; environmental disclosure; sustainability.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2026.10067529
   
  
• Success factors of beef production enterprises in Maritime Canada  
  by Chanuka Swarnathilake, Christopher M. Hartt, Gumataw Kifle Abebe 
  Abstract: This study aimed to understand the success measures, success factors, and challenges of beef production in Maritime Canada. Multiple data collection techniques were adopted, including 6 focus group discussions, a producer survey (n = 208), and secondary data sources. The data were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. According to the results, farmers felt that they were running successful businesses and that non-financial measures of this success were sometimes more important than making money. Learning risk management strategies and giving family members the knowledge and understanding of the current farming methods are important aspects of success. Based on demographics, there were no statistically significant differences (p<0.05) when measuring farmers' financial and non-financial success. The study signifies the importance of disseminating research findings through conferences or workshops. It is recommended that those events be planned by grouping farmers based on the operation scale and stage of their business.
  Keywords: success; financial; non-financial; beef enterprises; Maritime Canada.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2026.10067635
   
  
• An examination of the dynamic process of defining resources - based on a study of small businesses run by visually impaired people in Vietnam  
  by Chi Nghia Nguyen  
  Abstract: This article aims to examine existing studies on the definition of resources and responses to resource constraints, in order to delineate what still remains vague in existing theories regarding their application to the circumstances of extreme adversity and the context of developing economies. The author studied the process of visually impaired entrepreneurs in Vietnam to understand how they manage to deal with their disabilities in opening and operating massage treatment centres. The findings reveal that the setting unit in analysing resources is abstract, and exploring how to discover and utilise resources whose value has yet to be fully evaluated is difficult. The article suggests a dynamic definition process of applying a microfoundational perspective, in which entrepreneurs assess each element's contribution to the overall productivity of the to-be resource and improve the functionality of other elements to compensate for a constrained element, transforming a to-be resource into a valuable functional resource.
  Keywords: resource definition; dynamic definition; static definition; resource constraints; resource-related theories; Vietnam.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10067692
   
  
• From margins to mainstream: the evolution of women-led MSMEs in India  
  by Jyoti Gupta, Manish Karmwar 
  Abstract: This study conducts a bibliometric analysis of women-led micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in India, covering publications from 1968 to 2024. Despite representing over 90% of India’s industries, women-led MSMEs face significant challenges like limited access to finance and market linkages. The analysis reveals a marked increase in scholarly interest, with notable publication peaks from 2018 onwards, reflecting a growing recognition of women’s contributions to economic growth. Key themes include entrepreneurship, gender dynamics, and policy interventions, with increased individual authorship. The findings underscore the critical need for enhanced support mechanisms and policy frameworks to empower women entrepreneurs, fostering economic inclusion and addressing the gender gap in India’s entrepreneurial landscape.
  Keywords: micro; small; and medium enterprises; MSMEs; small and medium enterprises; SMEs; small businesses; small ventures; small firms; women’s entrepreneurship; India.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2026.10067734
   
  
• Dynamic orchestration: the evolutionary practices of large firms in entrepreneurial ecosystems  
  by Muriel Durand, Shuxia Hou, Olivier Lamotte 
  Abstract: The literature on the orchestration of entrepreneurial ecosystems (EEs) has neglected the dynamic dimension of the orchestrator’s role. We fill this gap by adopting an evolutionary perspective to investigate the role of a large firm as an orchestrator of an EE. We use a single case study and the process research methodology to analyse the EE orchestrated by a leader in the appliance market, from 2012 to 2023. Two findings emerge from the research. First, we identify three stages in the evolution of EEs: exploration, growth, and expansion, as well as the crucial role of the leader firm at each stage. Second, we demonstrate that the leader firm shows adaptability to ensure the development and sustainability of the EE. In sum, we show that beyond orchestrating a network and resources, the leader firm relies on its dynamic capabilities to enable the EE to address challenges that emerge throughout its existence.
  Keywords: entrepreneurial ecosystems; EEs; orchestrator; open innovation; dynamic capabilities; emerging economies.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2026.10067817
   
  
• Challenges faced by small business traders in GST implementation in India: a critical study  
  by Alpana Srivastava, Himanshu Rastogi, Supriya Srivastava, Mohit Kumar, Sheza Waqar Beg 
  Abstract: GST in India has various benefits for the government, businesses, and consumers. Every piece of legislation has its effects over time, and since GST has been in place in India for six years, this paper examines the issues small traders faced during the GST transition. Despite simplifying taxation and compliance, the GST regime has faced technical issues, design errors, and changing rules. The government has benefited from e-invoicing and crackdowns on fake invoicing, which have improved transparency and revenue collection by increasing the number of taxpayers. However, traders have encountered difficulties in claiming input tax credit, and arbitrary monetary limits have burdened taxpayers. This report critically analyses small traders’ issues post-GST in India. Having an exploratory and descriptive research design, study uses data from 250 traders in Lucknow in India and findings conclude that the GST transition proved difficult for small traders due to technicalities and expenditures.
  Keywords: goods and service tax; Indian businesses; composition scheme; normal GST scheme; ITC; GSTN; India.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2026.10068040
   
  
• Digital entrepreneurship in modern techno world: mapping the literature and future research agenda  
  by Priya Rani, Kanchan Bagri, Priyanka Yadav, Sherry , Ramji Nagariya 
  Abstract: Digital entrepreneurship (DE) leverages internet services for business and financial gain. This study reviews past research, highlighting trends and gaps. Using the POWER framework and PRISMA techniques, 733 articles were analysed with VOSViewer and manual text analysis. Key findings include 2023 having the most publications, the UK leading in published articles, the journal Technological Forecasting for Social Change having the highest impact, and A. Ghezzi being the most influential author. Trending topics are entrepreneurs, digital entrepreneurship, and sustainability. Emerging themes include digital entrepreneurship ecosystems, opportunities for women and education, entrepreneurial funding, government adoption, and digital technologies. Future research should focus on entrepreneurial education, AI innovations, digital venture performance, and IoT adoption. Frameworks like lean start-up, business model innovation, and value creation can enhance DE performance, with further exploration encouraged by the identified future research agenda.
  Keywords: digital entrepreneurship; digital entrepreneurship ecosystem; DEE; digital start-ups; content; thematic analysis; bibliometric analysis; POWER framework; SLR.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2026.10068070
   
  
• Patents, investments in R&D, and market value: an analysis by company size  
  by Fernando Henrique Taques, Leonardo Fernando Cruz Basso, Nelson Areal 
  Abstract: This research aims to understand whether organisational innovation can explain the market value of companies based on indicators of patents published, patents cited, and R&D expenditure. This empirical study performed a sample of 1,342 companies from 1985 to 2016 with fixed-effects and random-effects panel data models and quantile regression for panel data. There was partial support for the evidence that innovation positively affects companies' market value. This result could differ from the indicator applied in the estimates and methodology used and the company's size. Regardless of the empirical method, the total variables assets and gross revenue were able to explain the variations in the market value of organisations in most models. However, the coefficients found are different between the sample quantiles suggesting that the company's size may be relevant.
  Keywords: innovation; patent; R&D; market value; size.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10055964
   
  
• Small and medium-sized enterprise financing in the manufacturing industry: demand-side determinants of bank credit access in Mozambique  
  by Benedito José Murambire Júnior, Pedro Fontes Falcão, José Paulo Esperança 
  Abstract: This paper examines the demand-side factors that influence small and medium-sized enterprises' (SMEs) access to bank financing in the manufacturing industry in Mozambique. A mixed-methods sequential explanatory design was applied, starting with quantitative research on a sample of 347 SMEs followed by qualitative research on 30 SMEs. Managers' experience, firm size, gross profit, and equity were found to be the only statistically significant determinants of SMEs' access to bank credit. The most important themes identified by the qualitative research were risk tolerance, financial literacy, financial management skills, loan terms offered, service quality, lessons learned, cultural aspects, managers' beliefs, and internal aspects. This study fills a research gap by examining the demand-side factors that influence SMEs' access to bank financing in the manufacturing industry in developing economies. The results provide a deeper understanding of which determinants are crucial in order to ensure effective strategies and tools in developing countries. An important implication is that policymakers need to implement holistic approaches that prioritise demand-side factors.
  Keywords: bank financing access; small and medium-sized enterprises; SMEs; manufacturing sector; demand-side factors; manager experience; Mozambique; developing economies; sequential explanatory design; logistic regression; thematic analysis.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2022.10056674
   
  
• Inputs of the social life theory of Ingold to entrepreneurial network: a tetratype model of relationships  
  by Caroline Merdinger-Rumpler, Odile Paulus, Olga Bourachnikova 
  Abstract: This empirical research studies the nature of relations entrepreneurs have with their network stakeholders. Inspired by Ingold's (2017a) social life theory, a comprehensive methodology was adopted to study a specific context of student-entrepreneurs engaged in a three-year entrepreneurial team-action learning program. We propose a typology that sheds light on the nature of social network relations through characteristics like the various intensities ranging from weak to strong, then the type of perception student-entrepreneurs have of the stakeholder (from resource, person to support or key player), their openness, and finally, the transformative potential of their inner self or the entrepreneurial project levels. Ultimately, we present a tetratype model of relations that opens a new view on the entrepreneurial network.
  Keywords: entrepreneurship; entrepreneurial network; Ingold; social life theory; relationship model; business model; entrepreneurial education; entrepreneur's stakeholders; experiential learning; human support for entrepreneurs.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2025.10067539
   
  
• Succession in family businesses: an opportunity to change the business model  
  by Mohamed Ouiakoub, Thierry Poulain-Rehm 
  Abstract: Succession is a critical moment in the life of family firms. It often takes several years, during which time the predecessor gradually gives way to their successor. Although it can be an opportunity to change the business model (BM), the predecessor can often find it difficult to accept. Here, we report on a study of the characteristics of the BM in a sample of Moroccan family businesses, and explore the role of succession in its evolution. Our results show that inter-generational renewal is a key determinant. In particular, we find that a period of joint management, when the successor and their predecessor share responsibilities, allows the successor to propose changes. This approach also ensures that any conflicts that may arise between the predecessor, who seeks a certain level of stability, and the successor, who is hungry for change, can be managed by a dialogue that unfolds within the family.
  Keywords: business model change; succession; family business; conflicts.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2022.10053650
   
  
• Entrepreneurship and resilience: evidence from Lebanese SMEs  
  by Diala Kabbara, Latifa Attieh, Bahi Fatha 
  Abstract: Increased market uncertainty and natural disasters over the past years have posed serious obstacles to the survival of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and forced many firms to seek resilience. This study aims to explore the resilience of SMEs in Lebanon in times of crisis. The study drew on resilience entrepreneurship literature and focused on the importance of the entrepreneur to absorb the external shock and survive during the crisis. A quantitative approach was adopted, and primary data was collected through a survey of Lebanese SMEs. The findings reveal that the main factors that affect the resilience of SMEs are entrepreneur self-efficacy and adaptability. The study concludes by discussing possible policy and managerial implications as well as suggested areas for future research.
  Keywords: resilience; entrepreneurial self-efficacy; adaptability; small and medium enterprises; SMEs; resourcefulness; Lebanon.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2024.10054285