International Journal of Innovation and Learning (33 papers in press)

Regular Issues

• Effect of reflection-based English language instruction on writing quality among secondary school students  
  by Pratheesh Abraham, Roshna Varghese 
  Abstract: Teaching English as a second language is a complex and challenging activity, especially in the school education context. Reflective practice encourages engagement and is a method of learning through and from experience. This study investigates the effect of reflective teaching on English writing quality among higher secondary students. This study proposes an instructional design - Reflection-based English language instruction to improve the writing quality of the students. The current study employed mixed methods approach to collect and analyse the data. The data was collected from two different divisions of a government-aided school in the state of Kerala, India. Results reveal that there is significant progress in the writing quality of students after the treatment with RELI. The proposed RELI model can be an effective instructional design to facilitate reflective learning process in the teaching of the English language. This research provides practical advice to teacher educators, English teachers, school administrators, and policymakers.
  Keywords: reflective practices; writing quality; mixed methods approach; English language instruction; reflective diaries; secondary school students; task completion; comprehensibility; fluency; coherence and cohesion; vocabulary; language control.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2025.10063088
   
  
• The influence of technostress and gratitude on university students’ vitality: the roles of prosocial behaviours and psychological resilience  
  by Mohammed Hasan Ali Al-Abyadh 
  Abstract: This study investigates the role of technostress, gratitude, prosocial behaviours, psychological resilience, and their interrelationships on vitality among Egyptian and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) university students. The data collected from 527 students from both countries was examined using the PLS-SEM technique. According to the findings, students’ vitality is significantly impacted by technostress, which also has a detrimental impact on students’ feelings of thankfulness and prosocial activities. Furthermore, the data demonstrated that thankfulness had a positive influence on the prosocial behaviours and vitality of students. Students not only have a good association between their prosocial activities and their vitality, but they also have a negative relationship between their vitality and the relationship between technostress and vitality, as well as a negative relationship between gratitude and vitality (positively). Additionally, the psychological resilience of students acts as a positive moderator in the link between prosocial activities and vitality. The research makes a contribution to education representatives, educators, and students in both a theoretical and practical sense.
  Keywords: technostress of gratitude; prosocial behaviours; vitality university; influence of technostress; university students’ vitality; roles of prosocial behaviours; psychological resilience.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2025.10063698
   
  
• An empirical study in Indonesia: is adaptive inquiry learning effective for improving higher-order thinking skills of elementary school students?  
  by Sabar Narimo, Hernawan Sulistyanto, Harun Joko Prayitno, Murfiah Dewi Wulandari, Devary Pradana Setyabudi, Bambang Sumardjoko, Sofyan Anif, Aziz Awaludin 
  Abstract: Students’ higher order thinking skills (HOTS) must be developed in today’s global competition era. This study aims to develop an adaptive inquiry learning model to improve the higher order thinking skills of elementary school students. This research was carried out using the design-based research (DBR) method by carrying out four action steps. Problem dentification and analysis were carried out on data collected from questionnaires, observations, and interviews. Designing problem solutions by developing an adaptive inquiry learning (AIL) model. The developed model was tested in initial trials, large-scale trials, and product effectiveness testing on 48 elementary school students. The final reflection is carried out by holding discussions with experts so that a solid AIL product is produced. Data analysis uses a descriptive interpretive model of classroom action research. The results of testing and reflection show that the product developed meets the eligibility criteria for product design principles. Based on experiments it is proven that AIL is able to improve students’ HOTS better than discovery learning which is asymptotic significant (2-tailed) ≤ 0.05. Thus, AIL can meet the needs of model design in the current learning process.
  Keywords: adaptive inquiry learning; AIL; higher order thinking skills; HOTS; learning model; design-based research; DBR; Indonesia.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2025.10063858
   
  
• The influence of work environment on employees’ innovative work behaviors in Vietnam construction companies  
  by Hai Thi Thu Tran, Thanh Lan Mai, Thi Minh Ngoc Luu 
  Abstract: Despite its pivotal role in economic development, the construction industry in Vietnam grapples with a slow pace of innovation. This stagnation leads to limited differentiation in construction technologies and skills, intensifying competition among firms. While employees’ innovative work behaviours (IWB) represent a crucial organisational resource for overcoming these challenges, research on the interplay between individual factors and the work environment within this context remains scarce. Addressing this gap, this study proposes a research model drawing upon social cognitive theory (SCT), affective event theory (AET), and the extended person-environment fit theory (PEF). These theoretical frameworks provide an apt lens for examining how employees’ interactions with their work environment shape their IWB within the Vietnamese construction industry. The results show that both the social and physical work environment exert positive influences on employees’ innovation trust, subsequently impacting their IWB. Furthermore, the paper confirms the moderating role of personal innovativeness in the relationship between innovation trust and IWB.
  Keywords: innovation; innovative work behaviours; work environment; construction companies; Vietnam.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2025.10064109
   
  
• Influence of innovative teaching methods on academic performance of students with moderating effect of active learning in higher education sector  
  by G.P. Raja, A.R. Saravanakumar, Muthukrishnan Nagarajan 
  Abstract: In the higher education sector, innovative teaching methods are always welcome and are changing over the periods of time horizon and efficient teaching methods are largely depending on quality, quantity and sufficiency of subject content and needs and requirements of students perusing their higher education. The findings reveal that multimedia and active teaching methods are positively significantly influencing academic performance of arts and science college students. Further, interaction between multimedia and active learning and interaction between role playing and active learning are also positively significantly influencing academic performance of arts and science college students. Furthermore, multimedia, flipped and role playing teaching methods have significant, positive and direct influence on active learning, while, active learning has positive, direct and significant influence on academic performance of students in higher education sector. Thus, only the five hypotheses are supported by the findings and limitation of the study is also presented.
  Keywords: academic performance; active learning; higher education sector; innovative teaching methods.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2025.10064153
   
  
• Enhancing English oral communication skills and motivation: the impact of AR hotel situated-learning board game in Thai EFL contexts  
  by Wipada Sutthiroj, Pornpimol Sukavatee 
  Abstract: This study aims to develop an AR hotel situated-learning board game to enhance Thai EFL learners’ oral communication skills and motivation. Grounded in the literature and needs analysis, this research is based on the idea that authentic experiences are crucial for English language practice through situated learning. The board game, set in a hotel context, allowed learners to engage with diverse scenarios through AR markers on game cards. A mixed-methods approach was used to assess the game’s impact on the participants’ oral communication skills and motivation. Post-test results showed an improvement in all categories, particularly in intelligibility, compared to pre-test scores. This indicates enhanced English oral communication skills across various aspects. The significance of the research lies in its implications for developing effective language learning strategies that boost oral communication and motivation, and it encourages further exploration of AR technology in language education.
  Keywords: English oral communication; augmented reality; AR; motivation; situated learning; board game.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2025.10064230
   
  
• The systematic innovation training efficiency in creative thinking and problem-solving skills in teachers  
  by Sakineh Arebi, Sayeda Zahra Ali Bakhshi 
  Abstract: This research aimed to teach systematic innovation, creative thinking, self-efficacy, and problem-solving skills to female teachers in Karaj City. The systematic innovation training intervention program (TRIZ) was presented to the experimental group during eight 90-minute sessions. The control group did not receive any training. The torrance tests of creative thinking, self-efficacy scale Bandura, and problem-solving questionnaire Cassidy and long were applied. The statistical analysis showed that systematic innovation education (TRIZ) is effective in developing the creative thinking, self-efficacy, and problem-solving skills of teachers. It is suggested that educational officials should prioritize systematic innovation training to improve the creativity of teachers and students and strengthen their self-efficacy and problem-solving skills.
  Keywords: systematic innovation; (TRIZ); creative thinking; self-efficacy; problem-solving skills.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2025.10064405
   
  
• Nurturing innovation in virtual work climate: the power of self-determination and learning orientation  
  by Rui-Xiao Li, Yet Mee Lim, Garry Wei-Han Tan 
  Abstract: This study delves into the impact of the virtual work climate on employee innovative performance, with a focus on the mediating roles of perceived autonomous motivation and temporal flexibility. Data from 825 employees engaged in Chinese small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) were gathered via an online questionnaire and analysed using partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). Anchored in the framework of self-determination theory, our findings underscore the importance of a supportive virtual work context. Virtual work climate fosters temporal flexibility by fulfilling employees’ basic psychological needs and improves their autonomous motivation. Consequently, employees demonstrate heightened innovative performance at work. Additionally, this research highlights that a learning orientation has a negative moderating influence on the relationships between autonomous motivation and innovative performance, which reveals that higher learning orientation may divert employees’ focus away from improving innovative performance. These insights emphasise the critical role of cultivating a conducive virtual work climate within organisations to enhance employee innovation. The implications of this study hold significant value for enterprises seeking to optimise their employees’ innovative potential.
  Keywords: virtual work climate; VWC; self-determination theory; temporal flexibility; autonomous motivation; employee learning orientation; employee innovative performance; EIP; small and medium-sized enterprises; SMEs.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2025.10064575
   
  
• Belajar.id vs. WAG: as feedback digital learning tools in primary school  
  by Harun Joko Prayitno, Hengki Purnomo, Choiriyah Widyasari, Laili Etika Rahmawati, Naufal Ishartono, Sutama Sutama, Sugeng Riyanto 
  Abstract: The application of belajar.id based on Google Workspace for Education is an assistance from Indonesian Ministry of Education to facilitate teachers in online learning. The study aims to test the effectivity of belajar.id application on online learning compared with conventional methods with WhatsApp Groups (WAG). The population of this study is all VA and VB grade students total of 55 Students. The research is a quasi-experiment. The effectivity was calculated using N-Gain formula. The results proved that the use of belajar.id is categorised as an effective learning with 53% N-Gain score, while WAG with less effective categories (49%). The belajar.id system offers distinct features, including secure storage on Google Drive for materials, individual or group feedback options, and indefinite learning, making it superior to WAG for assessment, assignment, and questions exchange despite requiring more time management. This study contributed effectivity information of belajar.id application, a new model of online learning.
  Keywords: belajar.id; digital tools; Google workspace; learning pandemic era; online learning.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2025.10065617
   
  
• Evaluating flipped classroom's impact on students’ satisfaction in vocational and technical colleges  
  by Wang Wanmei , Siti Mariam Binti Abdullah, Chin-Hong Puah 
  Abstract: This research clarifies the level of students’ satisfaction with the flipped classroom model in Chinese vocational and technical colleges. This research collects the empirical data by using surveys and interviews to examine the multidimensional aspects of the satisfaction towards flipped classroom in different phases before class, in class and after class. The theoretical perspective has an open combination of customer satisfaction theories, self-directed learning and Moos’ social climate theory. It helps to explain degree of student satisfaction and the relationship between factors. The major findings show that student satisfaction exceeds the average degree for all different phases, with the highest reported in class, significant correlations in different phases and significant differences in both gender and grade level. Results of this study showed that perceived quality and perceived value are directly related to satisfaction and that expectations and self-directed learning abilities significantly affected satisfaction, but through perceived quality and perceived value as mediators. The findings also reaffirmed that the implementation of the flipped classroom can be enhanced whenever we take into account students’ perceptions and experiences as a focus of instruction.
  Keywords: flipped classroom; students’ satisfaction; vocational and technical colleges; self-directed learning.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2025.10066092
   
  
• How does an organization’s experiential learning affect its process innovation capabilities? the moderated mediating effect of absorption capability and network dependence  
  by Shouwei Li, Meng Yu 
  Abstract: This study examines the relationship between experiential learning and process innovation in innovative companies, focusing on the mediating role of absorptive capacity and the moderating impact of network dependence. The empirical investigation, based on data from the Chinese integrated circuit industry, highlights a significant and positive correlation between experiential learning and process innovation activities. Additionally, firm absorptive capacity mediates this relationship, with network dependence moderating its effects. These findings contribute valuable insights into organisational learning, process innovation, and the management of absorptive capacity and network dependence. However, caution should be exercised when generalising these results beyond the specific industry context. This research offers practical guidance for effectively managing the process of innovation within firms.
  Keywords: experiential learning; process innovation capability; absorptive capability; network dependence; moderating mediating effect.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2025.10066343
   
  
• Does the digitalised era adjust the mismatch as match? A comparison of graduates from different streams to align HE and industry in Bangladesh  
  by Gazi Mahabubul Alam, Md. Mahfuzur Rahman , Vesna Skrbinjek, Nor Azni Abdul Aziz, Karima Bashir, Romana Kader 
  Abstract: Extensive research has been conducted on the causes of the developing mismatch between education and the labour market, its consequences, and potential solutions. Despite this, the mismatch issue persists, exacerbated by ongoing digitisation and the rise of artificial intelligence (AI) in the workplace. Acknowledging this, the researchers delve deeper into whether the challenges of mismatch find resonance in the digital era. An individualist approach was taken to address each research question, employing descriptive statistics, multinomial logistic regression, and interviews. This encompassed both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. The results indicate that the performance of the fully mismatched group (science graduates) surpasses that of their fully matched counterparts (business graduates). Consequently, digitalisation has heightened the mismatch problem, rendering business graduates relatively irrelevant to the workplace. This paper enriches the discussion on education and the labour market mismatch by employing a unique measurement approach. This study contends that digital and computer-related skills have become a universal competency for various industries, irrespective of their nature (scientific or trade-related). Consequently, all education disciplines (business, science, social sciences) should equip graduates with digitalised/computing skills so that they are not excluded from the labour market.
  Keywords: mismatch; digital skills; innovation; business education; banking sector; higher education; Bangladesh.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2025.10066659
   
  
• Emotions at the heart of learning: exploring the role of teacher emotions in student engagement using facial emotion recognition  
  by Vishnu Lal, Avuduri Venkata Amarnadh Reddy, G. Varaprasad 
  Abstract: This study aims to use Facial Emotion Recognition (FER) to investigate the influence of teachers' emotions on student engagement to gain a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics between teachers' emotional expressions and student engagement in the classroom. A pre-trained deep learning MTCNN model was used for face detection and a modified VGG16 CNN model for FER. The emotions of teachers are recorded, analysed and compared with the emotions, state of the students and their engagement levels. Findings show the contagious nature of emotions as students tend to mirror and respond to the emotional states conveyed by their teachers. The results also highlight that students typically experience heightened engagement and attention at the beginning of a lecture and drop midway through the lecture. This research underscores the importance of differentiated strategies and modes of instruction while also emphasising the importance of equipping educators with emotional intelligence and effective emotion management skills.
  Keywords: student management; emotional intelligence; convolutional neural network; CNN; facial emotion recognition; deep learning.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2025.10066660
   
  
• An insight into curriculum policy and classroom practice of teaching listening: problems and possibilities  
  by S. M. Akramul Kabir  
  Abstract: The teaching of listening has significant importance in a language classroom. Therefore, the policymakers in Bangladesh have designed curricula and English textbooks following the English education policy focusing more on English language practice in the classroom through listening. The findings of this study may help Bangladeshi teachers at the secondary level to deal with the difficulties of teaching listening. The findings may also help learners develop their listening skills because language learning begins with listening (Schmidt, 2016). The data in this study was derived from interviews with both urban and rural secondary English teachers and policymakers. The data was then analysed qualitatively using the thematic analysis method. The data explore the policy and practice-related barriers to listening practice in classrooms. To overcome these barriers, the article proposes a conceptual framework as an enabler of teaching listening at the secondary level. The conceptual framework may also help other similar EFL contexts where listening skill is taught as a part of English language learning.
  Keywords: listening skill; teaching listening; listening assessment; secondary level; listening problems; Bangladesh.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2025.10066661
   
  
• Assessing the emotional feedback of teaching and learning service beneficiaries using machine learning on text comments  
  by Wipawan Buathong, Pita Jarupunphol 
  Abstract: This study evaluates emotional responses to educational services using advanced machine-learning techniques to categorise sentiment in feedback. The dataset includes 1,033 comments from 402 individuals, collected via various platforms. Three algorithms were applied: random forest, Naïve Bayes, and long short-term memory (LSTM). The ten-folds cross-validation method ensured model robustness. Random forest achieved the highest F1-score of 0.833, LSTM at 0.827, and Naïve Bayes at 0.807. The analysis indicated that neutral sentiments were most accurately predicted, followed by positive and negative sentiments. Additionally, latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) identified key themes within the feedback. Positive topics included teaching effectiveness, subject variety, and professional development. Negative topics highlighted issues with technology and resources. Word cloud dashboards focused on curriculum design, learning support mechanisms, and instructional quality. These insights are crucial for enhancing the effectiveness of teaching services, indicating areas of strength and potential improvement.
  Keywords: sentiment analysis; machine learning; educational services; natural language processing; data visualisation.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2025.10067010
   
  
• The analysis of cross-applicational effectiveness of gamification in English teaching  
  by Jakub Helvich, Lukás Novák, Stepan Hubálovský, Katerina Juklová 
  Abstract: Over the last decade, gamification applications have successfully permeated the English language learning framework with promising results. However, there is still a notable scarcity of quality research on gamified English teaching. Specifically, how English teachers perceive individual gamification applications and how their perceptions differ. The objective is to compare English teachers' perceptions of gamification applications and explore their perceived differential impact on learners' motivation, language learning outcomes, GPAs, and applicability. A sample of 615 Czech English teachers was used to conduct a series of Kruskal-Wallis and subsequent post-hoc tests to examine the differences between four gamification applications (Kahoot!, Quizizz, Quizlet, and Wordwall). The analysis found no statistically significant difference between the applications in how they impact learners’ motivation, language learning outcomes, and GPAs, but statistically significant differences have been found between Quizizz, Kahoot!, and Quizlet in how they are applicable to English teaching.
  Keywords: gamification; English teaching; motivation; learning outcomes; applicability; gamification application; Kahoot!; Quizizz; Quizlet; Wordwall.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2025.10066934
   
  
• Enhancing chemistry undergraduates innovation ability through the implementation of the innovative instructional process  
  by Thiendanai Sermboonpaisarn, Patchanita Thamyongkit, Wichai Sawakengam 
  Abstract: The aim of the study was to develop and implement the instructional process integrated with strategic planning and lateral thinking approaches to enhance innovation ability of chemistry undergraduate students. During the implementation, students spent all semester planning and developing their innovations in Chemistry natural products course. The evaluation was conducted on both product innovation and innovation process. The findings suggest that students can identify the target’s problem and adopt the related chemistry knowledge for systematically designing the chemistry innovation with a suitable approach leading to efficient problem-solving innovation in chemistry with a high innovation ability. This instructional process provided context-rich learning experiences, enhance innovation ability an understanding, skill, and the suitable way to learn the nature of chemistry.
  Keywords: innovation ability in chemistry; strategic planning; lateral thinking; instructional process.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2025.10066935
   
  
• An innovative framework for sensitive healthcare education in serious game design  
  by Abas Setiawan, Zaenal Abidin, Adhi Kusumastuti, Sri Ratna Rahayu 
  Abstract: Recently, serious games have been used in patient and health professional education. The lack of methods to design sensitive healthcare frameworks is a prevalent issue. Ensure a sensitive healthcare game is understandable and engaging for the user. This study proposed object specification, profile analysis, design and development, and implementation and evaluation (OSPADDIE), which amalgamates several methods to fill this gap. Enhancing serious game design for sensitive healthcare education was the goal. Methodical development uses instructional material, health data, and game mechanics. In a practical scenario, the Teeny Boy game was used to teach male circumcision. A methodical and complete methodology has allowed this app to deliver critical health information. In the study, serious games are used to teach sensitive healthcare themes. Health education’s challenges have tested the framework. Comparing the Teeny Boy game’s user experience to other serious health games showed the framework’s usefulness.
  Keywords: serious game; framework; sensitive healthcare; health education; male circumcision.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2025.10066983
   
  
• The music rhythm tour board game for rhythmic sight-reading  
  by Denny Robert, Chwen Jen Chen 
  Abstract: Board games are recognised for their positive impact on learning across various disciplines. Despite their benefits, there is a noticeable lack of focus on utilising board games within music education. This study examined the effects of the music rhythm tour board game on rhythmic sight-reading ability among music learners aged 13-18 who completed their theory of music grade one. The quasi-experimental design involved a pre-test, gameplay sessions, and post-test with 36 participants from a music learning centre. The Music Rhythmic Reading Test (MRRT) measured participants’ rhythmic efficiency, focusing on note duration, timing, and tempo. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics and paired t-tests, revealing significant post-test improvements in rhythmic sight-reading. Additionally, the analysis showed decreased rhythmic errors post-intervention. The results highlight the effectiveness of the music rhythm tour board game in enhancing rhythmic sight-reading skills and promoting game-based interventions in music education.
  Keywords: music education; rhythmic sight-reading; board game; rhythmic errors; quasi-experimental design; effectiveness.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2025.10067327
   
  
• Digital skills, adaptive performance and sustainable employee performance: the case of social science graduates in an emerging market  
  by Dinh Van Hoang , Duong Bich Ngoc , Vu Hong Ha , Le Hien Trang  
  Abstract: This study aims to clarify the impact of digital skills on sustainable employee performance, emphasising the mediating role of adaptive performance among social science graduates as labour market newcomers in an emerging market, specifically Vietnam. Utilising a simple random sampling method, data were collected from 415 social science graduates in Vietnam. The analysis was conducted using partial least squares-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). The findings reveal that digital skills significantly and positively influence both adaptive performance and sustainable employee performance. Furthermore, adaptive performance positively affects sustainable employee performance and mediates the relationship between digital skills and sustainable employee performance. This research contributes to both theoretical frameworks and practical applications.
  Keywords: digital skills; adaptive performance; sustainable employee performance; SEP; social science graduates.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2025.10067636
   
  
• Enhancement of national productivity by the source of innovation: a study of ASEAN-developing countries  
  by Nichanach Katemukda 
  Abstract: Research and development (R&D) is one source of innovation that delivers wealth to the country. The aim of the research is to investigate the appropriate number for budgeting on R&D in ASEAN developing countries, as well as to explore key index to track budget utilization performance. To prove the theorem, the research model and hypothesis employed a regression analysis. National productivity is the dependent variable, whereas R&D budgeting per GDP is the independent variable. ASEAN countries of study include Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, the Philippines, and Vietnam. The research results suggested that national productivity is a useful index for measuring and monitoring the performance of budget utilization. Moreover, the regression model was fitted, and the R-Square adj. is 79.42%. Research results suggest that at least 1% of R&D should be reserved as budget for ASEAN’s developing countries and conclude that R&D budgeting per GDP increases national productivity.
  Keywords: national productivity; innovation; developing countries; research & development; R&D.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2025.10067999
   
  
• Pencak silat combat: dominant technique in national student competition based on gender and weight  
  by Nur Subekti, M. Furqon Hidayatullah, Rony Syaifullah, Noor Alis Setiyadi, Muhad Fatoni 
  Abstract: This research analyses the technical actions of student Pencak silat athletes in national competitions. A total of 180 student-athletes (114 male, 66 female) were observed using notation system analysis in 90 game video recordings (57 male, 33 female). Punches (PT), round-kicks (RK), front-kicks (FK), sidekicks (SK), back-kicks (BK), slams (SL), cuts (CUT), and sweeps (SW) are recorded compared by gender and the results. The most used technique was RK (9.89 ± 4.68), followed by PT (7.12 ± 4.090), FK (4.30 ± 2.37), SK (3.31 ± 1.73), SL (2.09 ± 1.04), CUT (1.60 ± 1.53), SW (0.97 ± 0.83), and BK (0.15 ± 0.11). Female athletes were more likely to use CUT actions (1.60 ± 1.53) than male athletes (p < 0.05). Most technical measures had poor efficacy, and there were changes in PT, RK, FK, SK, BK, SL, CUT, and SW with moderate effect sizes (ES 0.1-0.8), resulting in a success: failure ratio technical action (1: 1.6). These findings suggest optimizing training techniques for accuracy, coordination, and technical skills because correct target contact will result in points.
  Keywords: technical action; Pencak silat; combat category; student-athlete.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2025.10062008
   
  
• Predictive performance of higher education students: the role of tutor attributes  
  by Chioma Okoro, Jonathan Tembo 
  Abstract: Pedagogical approaches influence student performance. This study examines the extent to which student performance is impacted by aspects such as tutor work ethic, personality, and content delivery, which are yet to be fully theorised from an educational context. Data was collected from 114 first- and second-year students in the business faculty of a higher education institution in South Africa. An artificial neural network (ANN) was used to complement correlation analysis findings and examine the importance of specific tutor qualities and student experiences on overall student performance. Results showed that self-directed learning actions such as self-planning, self-regulation and self-evaluation were significant predictors of overall student performance. The study provided substantial evidence for improving the tutoring function to enhance students' performance.
  Keywords: academic achievement; learning; neural networks; student performance; tertiary institutions; tutoring.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2025.10063359
   
  
• The impact of perceived organisational support on organisational commitment of vocational college teachers - the mediating effect of career-related continuous learning  
  by Zhengnan Qi, Fang Han 
  Abstract: This study uses a sample of 220 questionnaires from vocational college teachers in China. It introduces dimensions of career-related continuous learning, including advantage analysis, disadvantage analysis, and focusing on scientific research, as mediating variables to construct a research model, and explores the impact of perceived organisational support on organisational commitment from the perspective of teacher perception. The findings are as follows: perceived organisational support has a significant positive effect on organisational commitment and each dimension of career-related continuous learning. The advantage analysis of career-related continuous learning has a significant positive effect on organisational commitment and acts as a mediator in the relationship between perceived organisational support and organisational commitment. The conclusions of this study provide important managerial implications for higher vocational colleges on how to promote teachers' career-related continuous learning and enhance organisational commitment through organisational support.
  Keywords: vocational college teachers; perceived organisational support; organisational commitment; career-related continuous learning; mediating effect.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2025.10062182
   
  
• Innovation on the margins of the external evaluation of Portuguese schools  
  by Lídia Serra, José Matias Alves, Diana Soares 
  Abstract: Accountability is a tool to support school cultures focused on continuous improvement and promoting education quality. This article presents a study developed in Portugal regarding the external evaluation of schools operated between 2018 and 2021. The study, supported by documentary analysis of 60 external evaluation reports, combines qualitative and quantitative methods to understand whether there is an effect between the strengths and improvement areas and the evaluation assigned by the Inspectorate. The results suggest that a robust strategic vision and mobilising leadership are transversal predictors of all the schools' evaluation domains. Other predictors are academic outcomes, teaching and learning-focused self-assessment, deepening self-evaluation practices, active teaching and learning methodologies, and commitment to inclusion. Some correlations presented problematic levels of consistency. No relationships were found between school evaluation and the factors regarding innovation. Thus, innovation appears as a marginal dimension of the school's reality with no relevant impact on the external review.
  Keywords: external evaluation; innovation; school improvement; accountability; leadership; school autonomy; school self-evaluation; trust evaluation; mobilising middle leadership; school vision.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2025.10062956
   
  
• Factors influencing consumer purchase behaviour when buying an electric car  
  by Tina Vukasović, Biljana Dragojević, Lidija Weis 
  Abstract: The aim of this research is to find out what factors motivate respondents to buy an electric car. The empirical part was conducted with the help of a quantitative research method, using the technique of an online survey questionnaire. The target group were users of electric cars, of different age groups, work status and different levels of education. The target population will include both men and women from the Slovenian regions. The obtained research results showed that increasing the awareness of environmental pollution affects the decision of potential customers to buy an electric car. The most important factors influencing the purchase of an electric car are price, range and charging time. Based on the results, innovative strategies and valuable insights are presented to guide efforts in motivating consumers towards the adoption of electric cars.
  Keywords: consumer behaviour; electric car; innovation; purchase motive; Slovenia.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2025.10062517
   
  
• Peer collaboration in P5: students' perspective of project-based learning in multicultural school setting  
  by Aryati Prasetyarini, Sofyan Anif, Harsono, Sabar Narimo, Mohamad Setio Nugroho 
  Abstract: In response to the imperative of nurturing citizens capable of thriving in a multicultural society, the Indonesian Government has launched the 'strengthening the profile of Pancasila students' project (P5). This study employed a mixed-method design, utilising online surveys featuring closed and open-ended questions for data collection. Out of the 805 participants invited to complete the survey, 487 willingly participated. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics and thematic content analysis. The findings highlight that P5, as an innovation in project-based learning, can serve not only to enhance problem-solving skills but also to promote mutual understanding among students. This aligns with Indonesia's educational objectives, particularly those about the realisation of the Pancasila student profile, with a specific focus on fostering critical thinking and embracing global diversity. This research offers valuable insights into students' perspectives on collaborating with their peers. Schools implementing P5 should consider innovative approaches to its implementation.
  Keywords: project-based learning; PjBL; Pancasila profile; multicultural education; P5.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2025.10063019
   
  

Special Issue on: Technology Mediated Learning Innovative Practices for the New Normal

• Inquiring and strengthening the environmental awareness among elementary school children  
  by Armand Faganel, Blaz Kovac 
  Abstract: Promoting a strong grasp of environmental concerns holds paramount significance in achieving objectives within the realm of environmental safeguarding. The development of environmental awareness is contingent upon a multitude of factors, and its intricate influence stems from their collaborative and comprehensive effects. The core objective of the paper encompasses the systematic evaluation of the levels of environmental consciousness among primary school students, educators, and parents. It aims to gauge their perceptions concerning the gravity and obligations tied to environmental protection, along with their grasp of environmental awareness. The theoretical facet entailed an exhaustive review of literature, centred on knowledge dissemination pertaining to children’s environmental awareness. The empirical study was realised through an online survey methodology. The research sample comprises three distinct groups, with 102 students from primary school classes (6-9th grade), 168 parents, and 34 primary school teachers. The findings indicate that, despite the varied approaches employed by children and adults to convey knowledge, the prevailing status of environmental consciousness and sustainable education remains inadequate.
  Keywords: environmental protection; primary school; environmental awareness; knowledge communication; sustainability; innovation; learning.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2025.10065253
   
  
• Instructional design needs analysis for innovative pedagogy in open-badges learning.  
  by Siti Hajar Halili, Norharyanti Mohsin, Zamzami Zainuddin, Juliana Othman, Shukri Sulaiman 
  Abstract: Open-badges learning (OBL) is an innovative pedagogy to demonstrate students’ knowledge, skills and achievement. This study intends to identify the needs analysis in exploring instructional design for OBL utilising Hutchinson and Waters’ (1987) needs analysis model. Mixed-method research was used which purposely involved five experts for an interview and 320 students were randomly selected to answer the survey. In the interview process, five themes emerged such as knowledge and readiness in designing the OBL, relevant instructional mapping of the OBL, design learning experience in OBL, technical support to design OBL and introduce OBL practice in higher education programs. From the survey, most of the respondents agreed that there is a need to explore OBL and they are ready to utilise OBL in their learning. Further study could investigate the effectiveness of OBL, the aspect of motivation and engagement in OBL and factors influencing to implementation of OBL in educational programs.
  Keywords: needs analysis; open-badges learning; OBL; open education; innovative pedagogy; Education 4.0; Instructional design.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2025.10065278
   
  
• University students’ perceptions of game-based learning for property inspection  
  by Chioma Okoro, Abejide Ade-Ibijola, Jonathan Oladeji 
  Abstract: Game-based learning is an effective way to stimulate and support students’ learning. This study assessed students’ perceptions about an educational game designed for teaching property inspection for condition assessment and maintenance purposes. Second-year students in a higher education institution in South Africa were surveyed. Data was analysed using descriptive and inferential analyses. The gaming environment and its relevance ranked the highest in the game design and content categories, respectively. “Improving understanding” and “not being very good at it” were the key motivating and demotivating factors, respectively. Further findings showed significant relationships between learning more and the game’s relevance for teaching property inspection, and between the interest in the topic and the perception that gaming made it more understandable. The study provides useful evidence on educational gaming in the property field. Recommendations were around introducing other property scenarios/types, instructions and competition and extending the survey to a diverse socio-demographic samples.
  Keywords: experiential learning; game-based learning; higher education; property inspection and maintenance; teaching and learning; innovation and technology.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2025.10065519
   
  
• Exploring learning mechanisms and influences on student engagement and academic performance  
  by Mohamed Rafiq Nagoor Meeran, Shamsuddin Khuthbuddin, Asila Abdullah Saif Al-Hinai, Naseema Naseer Ahmed, V. Muruga Prakash 
  Abstract: Learning and its mechanism have revolutionised, and technology is fuelling its velocity. This research investigates the impact of learning mechanisms students use, such as traditional classrooms, online platforms, faculty-student interactions, and self-regulated learning, on students’ learning, engagement, and academic achievement. This research will help improve education quality and provide vital insights into the larger debate on successful educational approaches in today’s digital age. The exploratory research design and mixed research approach were employed in this study using a convenience sampling approach. A sample size of 320 students who use various learning mechanisms/methods in the Sultanate of Oman. Tests like the independent sample ‘t’ test, one-way ANOVA, correlation, multiple regression, and structural equation model were used. The four learning mechanisms are as follows: ‘classroom activities’ has the highest predictive contribution, while ‘course materials’ has a smaller impact on both learning engagement and academic performance. Furthermore, the study discovered a strong and statistically significant relationship between learning engagement and academic performance. Strategies for improving the learning experience, encouraging student success, and establishing a culture of continuous improvement were recommended. This study intends to contribute to the continued pursuit of educational quality, benefiting the education community.
  Keywords: learning mechanisms; engagement; academic performance; course materials; classroom activities; digital learning; self-learning style and techniques.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2025.10065597
   
  
• Analysing post adoption factors for determining MOOC continuance intentions: Interpretive Structural Modelling and fuzzy MICMAC approach  
  by Neeraj Chopra, Rajiv Sindwani, Manisha Goel 
  Abstract: This study investigates the post-adoption behaviour of MOOC participants and aims to enhance our understanding of the cognitive-affective-conative framework in this context. Despite the recognised benefits of MOOCs, their adoption is still at an early stage, which is crucial for MOOC platforms due to high dropout rates. Fifteen post-adoption factors were identified through a comprehensive literature review and expert opinions, and a hierarchical model was developed using ISM and, fuzzy MICMAC techniques to capture the mutual interactions among these factors. Intentions to recommend and cultural intelligence occupied the highest and lowest positions in the hierarchical model, respectively. The fuzzy MICMAC analysis examined the driving and dependence power of the factors for clustering purposes, revealing the absence of autonomous factors and ten factors in the linkage region. This pioneering work provides practitioners and decision-makers with valuable resources to improve retention rates based on the relationships and power dynamics among these factors.
  Keywords: MOOC; cognitive-affective-conative framework; adoption; ISM; fuzzy MICMAC.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2025.10066849
   
  
• Moth flame optimisation based timetabling tool for educational course timetabling  
  by Marisa Kuntasup, Pupong Pongcharoen, Thatchai Thepphakorn 
  Abstract: Educational timetabling plays an important role in providing academic activities under limited time and resources. It determines the effective utilisation of teacher’s and student’s hours with no conflicts on resource constraints and individual preferences. Manually solving large-scale timetabling problem is time consuming and extremely difficult to find a good feasible solution. This paper presents the first application of discrete Moth Flame Optimisation (MFO) for solving university course scheduling problem. A novel Automated MFO-based Timetabling (AMFOT) tool was programmed and tested using six case studies obtained from a collaborating university in Thailand. The computational experiments confirmed that all timetables generated by the proposed AMFOT tool were feasible as they satisfied all hard constraints. The timetables obtained from the proposed MFO method were better than those obtained from another computational intelligence based algorithm. In four out of six cases (66.67%), the best timetables were created by using the proposed MFO method.
  Keywords: crow search algorithm; CSA; course scheduling; automated timetabling; swarm intelligence; resource allocation; moth flame optimisation; MFO.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2025.10067328