Title: Life cycle assessment of CO₂ emissions with Malmquist index to measure efficiency of energy supply technologies alternatives in bauxite mining in Province of West Kalimantan, Indonesia

Authors: Hendrik; Akhmad Fauzi; Widiatmaka; Dyah Tjahyandari Suryaningtyas; Florentinus Firdiyono; Arief Ameir Rahman Setiawan

Addresses: The Study Program of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, Graduate School of IPB University, Campus IPB Baranangsiang, Bogor 16144, Indonesia ' The Study Program of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, Graduate School of IPB University, Campus IPB Baranangsiang, Bogor 16144, Indonesia ' The Study Program of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, Graduate School of IPB University, Campus IPB Baranangsiang, Bogor 16144, Indonesia ' Research Center for Mine Reclamation, IPB University, Kampus IPB Baranangsiang Bogor 16144, Indonesia ' Research Center for Metallurgy, National Research and Innovation Agency, Gedung 470, Kawasan Puspiptek, Tangerang Selatan, Indonesia ' Research Center for Sustainable Production System and Life Cycle Assessment, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Kawasan Puspiptek, Tangerang Selatan, Indonesia

Abstract: This paper examines the usefulness of the life cycle assessment (LCA) approach to CO₂ emission for integrating sustainability criteria into the decision-making process of energy supply technologies alternatives in the aluminium industry in West Kalimantan Province. The purpose of this research is to examine the environmental impact of biodiesel-powered excavation and loading equipment and vehicles operating on the haul road, as well as the energy strategy for producing marketable washed bauxite and the resulting unwanted waste. The Malmquist index is currently being developed with time-series data from 2018-2020 to analyse a variety of energy supply technologies alternatives. This study considered the cradle-to-gate system to measure LCA of CO₂ of a finite set of energy supply technologies alternatives. This study, which used SimaPro software faculty version 9.1.1.1 to assess CO₂ emission impact directly related to the type and amount of energy consumed by the mining, showed that construction infrastructure, land clearing, and tailings storage facility maintenance all contribute to increased greenhouse emissions. The Malmquist index study, which used Banxia software to calculate an efficiency score for energy supply technologies in bauxite mining, indicates that hydropower is the best option.

Keywords: metallurgical grade bauxite; MGB; product lifecycle management; mining operation; life cycle assessment; LCA; energy supply technologies; global warming; sustainability; Indonesia.

DOI: 10.1504/IJPLM.2022.125825

International Journal of Product Lifecycle Management, 2022 Vol.14 No.2/3, pp.127 - 141

Received: 28 Dec 2021
Received in revised form: 13 May 2022
Accepted: 01 Jun 2022
Published online: 29 Sep 2022 *

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