Title: Spherical-based routing protocols for three-dimensional MANET

Authors: Alaa E. Abdallah; Ebaa Fayyoumi; Emad E. Abdallah; Ahmad Qawasmeh; Islam Almalkawi

Addresses: Faculty of Prince Al-Hussein Bin Abdallah II for Information Technology, Department of Computer Science and Applications, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan ' Faculty of Prince Al-Hussein Bin Abdallah II for Information Technology, Department of Computer Science and Applications, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan ' Faculty of Prince Al-Hussein Bin Abdallah II for Information Technology, Department of Computer Science and Applications, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan ' Faculty of Prince Al-Hussein Bin Abdallah II for Information Technology, Department of Computer Science and Applications, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan ' Faculty of Engineering, Department of Computer Engineering, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan

Abstract: Position-based routing protocols usually assume that mobile nodes are distributed in 2D space. Thus many of the previously proposed routing algorithms do not support many practical scenarios if mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) nodes are dispersed in three-dimensional environments. In this paper, a couple of geographical-based routing protocols were proposed for 3D MANET, so-called, Spherical routing and Greedy-Spherical routing. In the Spherical algorithm, two dimensional face routing is used on the internal surface of a predefined sphere after projecting each mobile node on that surface. Greedy-Spherical starts with the Greedy routing algorithm as long as there is progress toward the location of the target node. If the next node is not closer to the destination than the current node, Greedy-Spherical shifts to Spherical routing. We evaluate the newly proposed algorithms by simulation, which shows a considerable improvement in packet delivery compared with traditional known algorithms.

Keywords: ad hoc network; localised routing; position-based routing; delivery rate; geographical routing; path dilation; spherical projection; face routing; Greedy routing; unit ball graph; progress-based routing.

DOI: 10.1504/IJCSM.2022.127801

International Journal of Computing Science and Mathematics, 2022 Vol.16 No.2, pp.125 - 135

Received: 21 Jun 2020
Accepted: 31 Jul 2020
Published online: 19 Dec 2022 *

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