Title: Hop-based void avoidance routing protocol for underwater acoustic sensor networks

Authors: Pradeep Nazareth; B.R. Chandavarkar

Addresses: Wireless Information Networking Group (WiNG), Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Mangalore, India ' Wireless Information Networking Group (WiNG), Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Mangalore, India

Abstract: More than 70% of the Earth's surface is covered by water. There is a need to explore the underwater in various applications like disaster detection, environmental monitoring, resource detection, etc. Underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs) are the prominent technology used in exploring underwater. UASNs faces challenges such as energy constraint on networks, increased routing complexity due to dynamic network topology, and void node results in increased complexity. The void node poses a major challenge in the routing of UASNs. A void node not being handled properly leads to a lower packet delivery ratio (PDR), higher end-to-end delay. This paper proposes a hop-based void avoidance routing (HVAR) protocol, which is a sender-based, void-avoidance routing protocol. HVAR efficiently distributes void node information in the networks and avoids data transmission to such nodes in the network. HVAR is implemented using UnetStack, and its performance is compared with the state-of-the-art Interference-aware routing (Intar) in terms of end-to-end delay, PDR, energy consumption, and throughput.

Keywords: underwater routing; void node; depth-based routing; UnetStack; end-to-end delay; energy efficient.

DOI: 10.1504/IJAHUC.2023.131772

International Journal of Ad Hoc and Ubiquitous Computing, 2023 Vol.43 No.3, pp.158 - 169

Accepted: 28 Nov 2022
Published online: 30 Jun 2023 *

Full-text access for editors Full-text access for subscribers Purchase this article Comment on this article