Title: Multi-layered entrepreneurship: perspectives of women candidates for mayor

Authors: Osnat Akirav; Arie Hershkovici; Limor Yehuda; Sagit Barel-Shaked; Labib Shami; Gil Cohen

Addresses: Department of Political Science, The Western Galilee College, The Galilee Research Institute, P.O. Box 2125, Acco, Israel ' Department of Political Science, The Western Galilee College, The Galilee Research Institute, P.O. Box 2125, Acco, Israel ' Department of Criminology, The Western Galilee College, The Galilee Research Institute, P.O. Box 2125, Acco, Israel ' Department of Economics and Management, The Western Galilee College, The Galilee Research Institute, P.O. Box 2125, Acco, Israel ' Department of Economics, The Western Galilee College, The Galilee Research Institute, P.O. Box 2125, Acco, Israel ' Department of Economics, The Western Galilee College, The Galilee Research Institute, P.O. Box 2125, Acco, Israel

Abstract: In the last two decades, the number of women involved in politics locally and nationally has increased worldwide. In addition, researchers have begun to incorporate a gender perspective into all public policies so that they counter gender bias and produce gender equality in politics and society. In accordance with this new approach, we combined three research fields-women's entrepreneurship, their political ambition and gender mainstreaming. We argue that the mutual effect the research fields have creates a new way to define and operationalise entrepreneurship, which we call multi-layered entrepreneurship. To test our model, we conducted in-depth interviews with women candidates for mayor in various peripheral areas in Israel. We found that women define entrepreneurship in a more comprehensive and inclusive manner than men. While they have political ambition, their motives for entering politics differ somewhat from those of men. Finally, the effect of their political ambition on gender mainstreaming strengthens the need for a gender perspective in all public policies.

Keywords: multi-layered entrepreneurship; women's entrepreneurship; women political ambition; local government; gender mainstreaming; Galilee and South peripheries.

DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2024.135707

International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 2024 Vol.51 No.2, pp.218 - 237

Received: 14 Jan 2021
Accepted: 16 Jan 2021
Published online: 03 Jan 2024 *

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