Title: An intelligent approach to detect facial retouching using Fine Tuned VGG16

Authors: Kinjal Ravi Sheth

Addresses: Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Atmiya University, India

Abstract: It is a common practice to digitally edit or 'retouch' facial images for various purposes, such as enhancing one's appearance on social media, matrimonial sites, or even as an authentic proof. When regulations are not strictly enforced, it becomes easy to manipulate digital data, as editing tools are readily available. In this paper, we apply a transfer learning approach by fine-tuning a pre-trained VGG16 model with ImageNet weight to classify the retouched face images of standard ND-IIITD faces dataset. Furthermore, this study places a strong emphasis on the selection of optimisers employed during both the training and fine-tuning stages of the model to achieve quicker convergence and enhanced overall performance. Our work achieves impressive results, with a training accuracy of 99.54% and a validation accuracy of 98.98% for the TL vgg16 and RMSprop optimiser. Moreover, it attains an overall accuracy of 97.92% in the two-class (real and retouching) classification for the ND-IIITD dataset.

Keywords: Adam; retouching; RMSprop; transfer learning; TL; VGG16.

DOI: 10.1504/IJBM.2024.141937

International Journal of Biometrics, 2024 Vol.16 No.6, pp.583 - 600

Received: 30 May 2023
Accepted: 08 Nov 2023
Published online: 03 Oct 2024 *

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