Article: Energy efficient link-delay aware data forwarding in low-duty-cycle LoRa mesh-based IoT networks Journal: International Journal of Sensor Networks (IJSNET) 2024 Vol.46 No.4 pp.197 - 204 Abstract: Based on novel chirp spread spectrum (CSS) modulation technology, LoRa is a promising long-range and low-power wireless connectivity solution that provides a PHY layer protocol to connect a massive number of internet of things (IoT) devices. Compared to typical single-hop LoRaWAN networks, LoRa mesh networks can further extend coverage area, enabling numerous sustainable real-world applications. LoRa mesh networks must consider network reliability, latency, and longevity to be successful, but it is often challenging to design energy-efficient and delay-sensitive data forwarding protocols. Many existing data forwarding protocols in mesh networks operate based on the quality of links and node forwarding capabilities. Ultimately, this can result in excessive delay and cause data packets to be relayed by a fixed number of nodes, leading to rapid energy depletion and earlier network disconnection. To address these problems, we propose end-to-end delivery ratio and delay (E2EDRD), a metric that combines devices' duty cycles, link qualities, and remaining energies. Using a data forwarding protocol based on E2EDRD, each node decides on a set of data-forwarding candidates. Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed metric improves upon existing data forwarding protocols by achieving a desirable trade-off between end-to-end delay (E2ED), packet delivery ratio (PDR), and network lifetime. Inderscience Publishers - linking academia, business and industry through research

Title: Energy efficient link-delay aware data forwarding in low-duty-cycle LoRa mesh-based IoT networks

Authors: Gary Sun; Jing Zhang

Addresses: Clear Lake High School, 2929 Bay Area Blvd., Houston, TX 77058, USA ' Department of Computer Science, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX 77710, USA

Abstract: Based on novel chirp spread spectrum (CSS) modulation technology, LoRa is a promising long-range and low-power wireless connectivity solution that provides a PHY layer protocol to connect a massive number of internet of things (IoT) devices. Compared to typical single-hop LoRaWAN networks, LoRa mesh networks can further extend coverage area, enabling numerous sustainable real-world applications. LoRa mesh networks must consider network reliability, latency, and longevity to be successful, but it is often challenging to design energy-efficient and delay-sensitive data forwarding protocols. Many existing data forwarding protocols in mesh networks operate based on the quality of links and node forwarding capabilities. Ultimately, this can result in excessive delay and cause data packets to be relayed by a fixed number of nodes, leading to rapid energy depletion and earlier network disconnection. To address these problems, we propose end-to-end delivery ratio and delay (E2EDRD), a metric that combines devices' duty cycles, link qualities, and remaining energies. Using a data forwarding protocol based on E2EDRD, each node decides on a set of data-forwarding candidates. Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed metric improves upon existing data forwarding protocols by achieving a desirable trade-off between end-to-end delay (E2ED), packet delivery ratio (PDR), and network lifetime.

Keywords: internet of things; IoT; LoRa mesh; low-duty-cycle.

DOI: 10.1504/IJSNET.2024.142707

International Journal of Sensor Networks, 2024 Vol.46 No.4, pp.197 - 204

Received: 16 Jul 2024
Accepted: 23 Aug 2024
Published online: 18 Nov 2024 *

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Title: Energy efficient link-delay aware data forwarding in low-duty-cycle LoRa mesh-based IoT networks

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