International Journal of Biotechnology (8 papers in press)

Regular Issues

• Genetic diversity of commonly available ornamental fishes in Bangladesh  
  by Md. Alamgir Kabir, Md. Golam Rabbane 
  Abstract: Ten primers OPA-05, OPE-05, OPE-04, OPC-04, OPB-04, OPG-01, OPB-01, OPB-02, OPD-04, and OPE-03 were used to identify genetic diversity in five ornamental fish species: common goldfish (Carassius gibelio), tiger barb (Barbus tetrazona), comet goldfish (Carassius auratus), angel fish (Pterophyllum scalare), and sucker fish (Hypostomus plecostomus). Eighty seven polymorphic bands were observed, showing 100% polymorphism, likely due to the species different taxonomic positions. Common goldfish and comet goldfish exhibited the highest genetic similarity (0.7167), while common goldfish and tiger barb showed the lowest (0.4667). Cluster analysis placed tiger barb in a separate group due to greater genetic distance. Common goldfish and comet goldfish formed one cluster, angel fish and sucker fish another and both clusters were combined into a broader group, reflecting their genetic relationships. Overall, the findings highlight genetic differences consistent with their taxonomic classifications which can be used for taxonomic and conservation studies of these fish species.
  Keywords: genetic diversity; ornamental fishes; RAPD analysis; taxonomic position; conservation.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJBT.2026.10077484
   
  
• Analysing PMJDY program influencing rural households decision-making method  
  by Y. Jenusha Ananthy, K. Asha 
  Abstract: This research underwent an empirical investigation to examine the benefits of the PMJDY program in customer awareness and perception among rural households of Tamil Nadu, India. The research was primarily focused on the following topics: 1) customer awareness and perception; 2) money transactions; 3) behaviour of the banking sector; 4) standard of living; 5) bank infrastructure; 6) economic connect. This is a clear-cut policy that can be examined through this research effort since it plays a significant role. The proposed approach was implemented in two stages. The first step began with the collection of data, which had explicitly examined the PMJDY program benefits. The data was collected using a structured questionnaire that comprises 20 questions. The evaluation was carried out for the collected data using SEM.
  Keywords: Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana program; PMJDY program; customer awareness level; perception; financial services; rural area.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJBT.2026.10078175
   
  
• Harnessing agricultural wastes for in-vitro alcohol production: a waste-to-wealth approach  
  by R. Chandrika, T. Sushma, G.V. Komala, Umme Haani, S. Lokesh, M.C. Madhusudhan 
  Abstract: Agricultural waste is an abundant and cost-effective resource for bioethanol production. This study explores the production of reducing sugars and ethanol from three lignocellulosic substrates such as areca nut husk, banana pseudo stem, and corn cob at varying concentrations (10 g, 15 g, and 25 g) using different pre-treatment methods. Acid hydrolysis, enzyme treatment, and precursor addition (1% sucrose) were applied to enhance sugar and ethanol yields. Results revealed that precursor-treated samples after acid hydrolysis produced the highest sugar and ethanol yields, with BPS at 25 g showing the maximum reducing sugar (5.88 +- 0.06 mg/g) and ethanol production (13.00 +- 0.30 ml/L). Areca nut husk and corn cob demonstrated lower yields, with corn cob being the least effective. Ethanol production increased with substrate concentration and fermentation time. The findings emphasise the importance of combining effective pre-treatment methods to maximise bioethanol production.
  Keywords: acid hydrolysis; agricultural waste; biofuels; lignocellulosic conversion; bioethanol production.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJBT.2026.10078765
   
  
• Artificial intelligence for breast cancer cells identification based on image processing with bone metastatic property images  
  by B. Srinivas 
  Abstract: This study presents a comprehensive methodology for multiclass breast cancer (BC) classification leveraging histopathology images. Initial pre-processing involves colour normalisation to standardise image data and data augmentation to enhance dataset diversity. Segmentation is performed using Patch segmentation employing glocal pyramid pattern (GLPP) to precisely isolate relevant regions within the histopathological images. This approach allows for focused analysis by extracting patches at multiple scales and levels of detail. Subsequently, for feature extraction, three prominent deep learning (DL) architectures, namely ResNet-50, AlexNet, and Inception v3, are utilised to capture discriminative features from the segmented patches, thereby encompassing intricate histopathological characteristics. Classification is then conducted using a deep fusion networks (DFNs), which includes long short-term memory (LSTM), convolutional neural networks (CNNs), and deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs), for patch-level classification. Through rigorous evaluation, our approach demonstrates promising results in accurately categorising BC patches into multiple classes, showcasing its potential as a robust tool to assist clinicians in precise BC diagnosis.
  Keywords: multiclass breast cancer classification; histopathology images; patch segmentation; glocal pyramid pattern; GLPP; deep fusion networks; DFNs.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJBT.2026.10080073
   
  
• The ethical issues and dynamic regulation of cell cultured meat technology in the context of bioeconomy  
  by Shanshan Wang, Ruitong Zhao, Guoming Hao, Yijian Du 
  Abstract: Cultured meat technology is significant for upgrading the bio-food industry within the bioeconomy, though it faces ethical debates and moral issues requiring government and public oversight. This paper reviews the technologys development and ethical disputes, then constructs a tripartite evolutionary game model involving enterprises, governments, and the public. Numerical simulations show that increased government rewards and penalties encourage ethical production by cultured meat enterprises. Social exposure, public losses, and corporate market losses all influence the behaviour of stakeholders. Based on these findings, a dynamic regulatory framework for cultured meat ethics is proposed. The study enriches food safety regulation theory and offers a reference for future policy-making in cultured meat oversight.
  Keywords: bioeconomy; cell cultured meat; technology ethics; evolutionary game theory.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJBT.2026.10080546
   
  
• A hybrid machine learning and geospatial framework for early detection and monitoring of disease outbreaks  
  by P.V. Nandhakumar, M. Elamparithi, V. Anuratha 
  Abstract: Early detection of disease outbreaks is essential for efficient public health surveillance and response. This study proposes a machine learning and geospatial analysis framework for predicting and monitoring infectious disease outbreaks using clinical reports, environmental data, social media, and mobility information. Data preprocessing uses SMOTE to handle imbalanced datasets and MICE to handle missing values. BERT extracts semantic features from textual data, while Graph Convolutional Network (GCN) to identify patterns of disease spread. The detection model combines XGBoost, Temporal Convolutional Networks (TCNs), and Variational Autoencoders (VAEs) for accurate prediction and early outbreak detection. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are used to visualise disease distribution and identify of high risk areas. Experimental results show that the proposed framework outperforms SVM, XGBoost, DNN, and LSTM, achieving 99.486% accuracy, 98.388% precision, 99.53% sensitivity, and 99.832% specificity. The proposed framework supports timely decision-making and enhances public health surveillance through accurate early outbreak prediction in real time.
  Keywords: disease outbreak prediction; XGBoost; temporal convolution network; TCN; machine learning; geographic information systems; GIS; natural language processing; NLP; graph convolutional network; GCN.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJBT.2026.10080653
   
  
• Isolation of an unusual betaproteobacterium species Tepidicella xavieri from Bakreshwar hot spring water  
  by Debasmita Chatterjee, Satadal Satadal Das 
  Abstract: Hot spring water is characterised by elevated temperatures, with its unique mineral content, and hosts unique communities of microorganisms. In this study we collected water from the most geothermally heated area (Agnikund) of the Bakreshwar hot water spring located in the Birbhum district of West Bengal, India, and studied thermophilic bacteria in it. The collected samples were kept at room temperature for three months. After this, they were cultivated on Nutrient Agar medium and kept at 50 C for 72 hours, when small colonies appeared on the surface of the medium. After colony formation, they were Gram-stained for morphological appearance, motility test, biochemical tests, and followed by 16srRNA sequencing for genotype identification. Scanning electron microscopy was also done. A rare thermophilic bacterium Tepidicella xavieri strain TU-16T, belongs to the phylum Betaproteobacteria isolated from the culture. This is the first report of the isolation of T. xavieri strain from South-East Asia.
  Keywords: Bakreshwar hot spring; Tepidicella xavieri; culture; 16srRNA sequencing; scanning electron microscopy.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJBT.2026.10080654
   
  
• Keratinolytic microorganisms: eco-friendly waste management approach for recalcitrant keratinous waste valorisation through sustainable biotechnological innovations  
  by Shritoma Sengupta, Indrani Guha Chowdhury, Pijush Basak 
  Abstract: Population growth and socio-economic activities have led to increased waste production, especially from agro-industrial processes. Sustainable biotechnology, particularly through biocatalysis, offers a solution. Microbial keratinases enzymes from microbes can effectively decompose keratinous waste, like poultry feathers, transforming it into valuable products such as animal feed, organic fertiliser. These enzymes operate under diverse conditions, making them suitable for bioremediation efforts to reduce environmental pollution and recycle resources. This review describes the potential use of keratinolytic microorganisms as a sustainable solution for converting keratin-rich waste into useful products. This study offers a comprehensive overview of keratinases, focusing on their molecular characteristics, mechanisms of action, and sources. It highlights the potential applications of keratinases in valorisation, keratin-containing waste for biogas production, bioactive peptides, amino acids for feedstock, and bioplastics. Additionally, keratinases are crucial in promoting sustainable technologies in environmentally friendly industries such as tanning, textiles, as well as in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and detergents.
  Keywords: keratinase; recalcitrant solid-waste; waste-management; valorisation; wealth out of wastes.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJBT.2026.10080983