International Journal of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles (8 papers in press)

Regular Issues

• Research on two-stage on-board charging system based on IPOP LLC resonant converter  
  by Kai Zhou, Yanze Wu 
  Abstract: In this paper, a two-stage on-board charging system based on IPOP LLC resonant converter is proposed. The front stage uses a three-phase VSR, which can realize the PFC function and provide a stable DC voltage to the rear stage. The rear stage adopts IPOP LLC resonant converter, low output current ripple, output a wide range of DC voltage, the soft switch over the full load range, and the system efficiency is high. Voltage current double closed-loop control is used for the front stage converter and outputs stable DC voltage. The rear stage converter adopts variable frequency voltage regulation control and phase shift current sharing control, which reduces the volume of the filter capacitor and improves the overall performance and power density of the on-board charging system. A 3.3 kW system simulation model is built to prove the correctness of the theoretical analysis and parameter design method.
  Keywords: electric vehicle; on-board charging system; three-phase VSR; IPOP LLC resonant converter; soft switch.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJEHV.2024.10061888
   
  
• A detailed computational modelling and analysis of the effect of geometric dimensions for coil assembly to transfer power wirelessly in electric vehicles  
  by Ankur Yadav, Shukla Karmakar, Tushar Kanti Bera 
  Abstract: The PC-based wireless power transfer (WPT) coil design procedure is promising for complex designs and calculating the design parameters for efficient power transfer in EV systems. This work investigates the effect of the three-dimensional geometry of electromagnetic coil assemblies for transmitting and receiving coils with circular bases and compares different geometry parameters. The WPT coil was developed with the conical helix geometry, cylindrical helix, and planar coil with ferrite and aluminium shielding to provide enhanced coupling (k) along the aluminum shielding to reduce the magnetic leakage in the surroundings, assuring minimum loss and better k, self and mutual-inductance (L, M), flux density (B), and field intensity (H) with maximum efficiency. The proposed geometry also provides minimum current density and maximum flux linkage, confirming better WPT. All modelling and simulation work was conducted in the Ansys Maxwell. The circular base conical helix with shielding is promising for WPT-based EV-charging systems.
  Keywords: electric vehicles; wireless power transfer; Ansys Maxwell; coil design; coupling co-efficient; aluminium shielding.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJEHV.2024.10062220
   
  
• Optimising direct torque control with battery power management for open-end winding induction motor drive in electric vehicles using the light spectrum optimiser algorithm  
  by Ahmad Omar Deab, K. Karthikumar, S. Ramesh 
  Abstract: This paper proposes an efficient light spectrum optimiser (LSO) for enhance the direct torque control (DTC) strategy for open-end winding induction motor drives used in electric vehicles (EVs). The purpose is to reduce torque and current ripples while balancing the system's power flow and increasing efficiency. The LSO algorithm is utilised to control the optimal switching states of the inverter. By integrating battery power management and LSO, the goal is to achieve more efficient energy utilisation and improved motor performance. By that point, the proposed model has been used as a working model in MATLAB/Simulink, and the execution has been computed based on the available techniques. The proposed method shows the efficiency is high, the torque and current ripples and the systems power flow is balanced compared to existing methods, like wild horse optimiser, particle swarm optimisation and heap-based optimiser.
  Keywords: electric vehicle; torque; battery power management; voltage source inverter; induction motor; stator flux; pulse width modulation.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJEHV.2024.10062470
   
  
• A multi-level neutral-point-clamped inverter driven PMSM high-speed electric drive  
  by Rakesh Shriwastava, Sunildatta Kadlag, Jagdish Choudhari, Pratap Sonawane, Nitin Dhote 
  Abstract: This paper deals with multi-level neutral-point-clamped inverter (NPCI) driven PMSM high-speed electric drive. Nowadays for medium and high power applications, multilevel inverter technology is more used in high-speed electric drive applications due to offers quality performance. One of the current methods used for constant speed and torque is field oriented control (FOC) in permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). This paper described the multilevel inverter-driven PMSM drive with carrier-based space vector modulation (CBSVM) strategy in a MATLAB environment with reduced total harmonic distortion and torque ripple. The Simulation results are based on inverter output and motor parameters such as stator and rotor current, torque and speed of PMSM. The proposed FOC-NPCI-based PMSM drive is found suitable due to better speed and torque response and less torque ripple. The hardware and simulation results match the effectiveness of the drive.
  Keywords: carrier-based space vector modulation; CBSVM; field oriented control; FOC; permanent magnet synchronous motor; PMSM; NPCI; EV.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJEHV.2024.10063192
   
  
• Modal research of permanent magnet synchronous motor for electric vehicles  
  by Min Ge, Hongzhi Yan, Wei Shi, Margaret Sharp 
  Abstract: Aiming at the vibration and noise problems caused by the constant rise in speed of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) of electric vehicles, the natural frequency of motor stator is first analysed using the lumped mass method. Simultaneously, a fast equivalent modelling approach of motor stator with winding as added mass and material anisotropy is proposed. The finite element model of PMSM is established based on the established equivalent stator model, and its natural frequency and vibration shape are investigated. Finally, the motor's modal test is carried out on the modal test platform. The results show that the difference between the natural frequency simulation and the test results is less than 3%, and that the vibration modal characteristics of each order are consistent. The feasibility and accuracy of the fast equivalent modelling method are verified, laying the groundwork for the following optimised design of PMSM vibration and noise.
  Keywords: permanent magnet synchronous motor; PMSM; modal analysis; finite element; vibration and noise.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJEHV.2024.10063700
   
  
• Prediction of battery critical parameters using machine learning algorithms for electric vehicles  
  by Vasudha Hegde, Jaskaran Singh Sohal, Gopi B, Aayush Karn, Kumar Bhaskar Pandey 
  Abstract: To enhance the adaptability of electric vehicles (EVs) and mitigate the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources, energy storage via batteries is imperative. Accurate forecasting of battery performance parameters is vital for optimal utilisation. This study introduces a machine learning algorithm for electric vehicle battery management systems (BMS), focusing on predicting state of charge (SoC) efficiently and precisely. Utilising linear regression and long short-term memory (LSTM) models, the algorithm constructs and deploys predictions. Training data, obtained from Li-ion battery packs during charge-discharge cycles via smart BMS, enables precise modelling. Predicted values are validated against empirical results, and the resultant error guides algorithm refinement for enhanced accuracy. The algorithm, integrated into a web application using Streamlit, achieved a remarkable 99% R2_score, indicating its robust performance. This framework advances EV battery management, facilitating informed decision-making and optimising energy utilisation in conjunction with renewable sources.
  Keywords: battery management system; BMS; long short-term memory; LSTM; linear regression; machine learning algorithm; state of charge; SoC.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJEHV.2024.10063842
   
  
• Analysis of weak magnetic characteristics on novel variable main flux type outer rotor permanent magnet synchronous motor for electric vehicle drive  
  by Ji Chang Wang, Jian Xin Zheng 
  Abstract: The air gap flux of permanent magnet synchronous motor is constant, so the electric vehicle driven by ordinary permanent magnet synchronous motor has the disadvantages of narrow speed range and low output torque. The novel flux adjustable outer rotor permanent magnet synchronous motor by mechanical method is proposed to overcome the above shortcomings. The structure and magnetic field regulation principle of the outer rotor permanent magnet synchronous motor is introduced and analysed. The changing discipline of magnetic density distribution, flux linkage, back electromotive force, inductance and output torque are obtained based on finite element method. The change of electromagnetic characteristics at different operating speeds shows that the outer rotor permanent magnet synchronous motor has good magnetic weakening characteristics, which can promote output torque at low speed and broaden the operation range at high speed of electric vehicle.
  Keywords: electromagnetic property; outer rotor; mechanical method; permanent magnet synchronous motor; PMSM; variable magnetic field.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJEHV.2024.10064840
   
  
• Investigating the effect of Hall effect sensor position error on BLDC motor torque  
  by Fatemeh Ghavamirad, Alireza Rezazadeh 
  Abstract: In a brushless DC (BLDC) motor control system, Hall effect sensors usually need to provide rotor position and speed information to control the motor position and speed. Hall effect sensors are prone to errors, errors that may occur due to defects in the electrical circuit of the sensors or improper installation of the sensor. Hall effect sensor position error is one of the most common errors caused by possible manufacturing tolerances during the installation process, even if this error does not immediately lead to system failure, it has a long-term effect on the overall performance of the engine. It can also affect torque ripple. In this article, a method for placing the Hall effect sensors at inappropriate angles in the motor driver is presented, so that the effect of the position error of one Hall effect sensor, two Hall effect sensors, and three Hall effect sensors on the torque of this motor can be investigated. In fact, in this review, all types of Hall sensor position errors are evaluated. The analysis is done through simulation in MATLAB and the results are confirmed by measuring the torque ripple coefficient.
  Keywords: BLDC motor; Hall sensor; torque ripple; speed; simulation.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJEHV.2024.10065052