International Journal of Global Warming (19 papers in press)

Regular Issues

• Land Urbanisation's Impact on Carbon Dioxide Emissions of China: from Extended EKC Hypothesis  
  by Qiaozhi Zhao, Yuxin Meng 
  Abstract: Carbon peaking and carbon neutrality have been one of increasingly significant development goals for China during its high-quality development. Land urbanisation is one subject of the new style urbanisation for balancing human life and sustainable development. Therefore, land urbanisation and carbon emissions are two main factors that play a virtual role in China's high-quality development. Land urbanisation may cause carbon emissions growth, such as promote more fossil energy consumption. This study applies a spatial Durbin model to explore out the relationship between land urbanisation and carbon emissions using China's provincial yearly data from 2008 to 2021. Further construct industry (CI) development and fiscal revenue (FR)-expenditure state are both evaluated as the mediating roles in their relationship. Spatial spillover among 30 provinces is also considered as an important factor to affect the relations. The findings revealed as follows. First, land urbanisation of a province makes positive effect on its own carbon emissions. However, they show inverted U-shaped relationship on its neighbours. Concerning CI's mediating effect, it is significant only through spatial spillovers. FR's mediating paths are both significant for its own and neighbours. Therefore, proactive actions are necessary to mitigate carbon emissions of land urbanisation.
  Keywords: land urbanisation; carbon dioxide emissions; environmental Kuznets curve; EKC; spatial Durbin model; SDM; China.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2025.10068010
   
  
• Life Cycle Assessment of Sustainable Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and Zeolites  
  by Namra Mir, Yusuf Biçer, Fadwa El-Mellouh, Elumalai Palani, Satyanarayana Bonakala, Abdulkarem Amhamed 
  Abstract: A comparative cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment is carried out on three different Metal-Organic Frameworks. MOF-1 is TCM 14 consisting of 4,4?-azopyridine auxiliary ligands, dinuclear copper (II) based secondary building units, acetylene-extended and tritopic benzoate linkers. MOF-2 consists of zeolite A, 40% diethylenetriamine and methanol. MOF-3 consists of zeolite 13X, 40% diethylenetriamine and methanol. Several environmental impact categories are selected to represent a comprehensive view. The global warming potential for MOF 1, 2, and 3 is found to be 3.5, 14.1, and 13.9 kg CO2 eq/kg MOF produced, respectively. A sensitivity analysis of varying amines is also carried out.
  Keywords: Carbon Management; Environmental Impact; Sorption; Sustainability.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2025.10068459
   
  
• Analysis of the Spatial Pattern and Influencing Factors of Urban Carbon Emissions from a Dynamic Perspective: a Case Study  
  by Lanjian Liu, Yongqiang Dong 
  Abstract: The reduction of urban carbon emissions is widely recognised as a pivotal strategy in the fight against climate change. Using panel data from 10 cities in Shaanxi Province from 2015 to 2021, the spatial pattern and influencing factors of urban carbon emissions was analysed from a dynamic perspective. The results indicated that urban carbon emissions are currently in an unstable decoupling state, characterised by significant spatial autocorrelation. Furthermore, carbon emissions displayed both temporal lag effects and spatial spillover effects, with various factors having different impacts on emissions within local and neighbouring cities. Finally, several policy recommendations were proposed.
  Keywords: carbon emissions; decoupling status; spatial effect; influencing factors; carbon reduction policy.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2025.10068763
   
  
• The Success of the Kyoto Protocol in Reducing Carbon Emissions in the EU  
  by Şaile Tuba Öztürk, Zeynel Fuat Toprak 
  Abstract: Climate change has climbed to the forefront of global concern and has become the centre of scientific and global public debate. One of the most important treaties is the Kyoto Protocol (KP). The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of the KP and to contribute to the existing literature. The study investigates whether the ratification of the protocol is effective in reducing emissions for European Union (EU) countries. As a result, thirteen of EU Member States met their targets for both periods. Seven of EU Member States missed both targets. Six of countries achieved only one of their targets.
  Keywords: Kyoto Protocol; climate change; global warming problem.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2025.10068925
   
  
• Classification and Analyzing Air Quality with Machine Learning Algorithms: A Case Study on the 2023 Kahramanmara? Earthquake  
  by CEMAL AKTÜRK, TARIK TALAN, ADEM KORKMAZ 
  Abstract: Air pollution is a danger that negatively affects all ecosystems on a global scale. One of the methods used to reveal this danger with numerical data is the Air Quality Index (AQI). AQI allows the classification of air pollution by calculations made according to the concentration of pollutants in the air. The aim of the study is to estimate AQI with machine learning methods in order to estimate air pollution. For this purpose, air gas data of the Kahramanmara? region of Turkey were analyzed. The algorithms provided an estimation accuracy between 91% and 99%.
  Keywords: Air Quality; Air Quality Index; Machine Learning; Artificial Intelligence.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2025.10068987
   
  
• Investigating the Use of Fuzzy Systems in Managing Carbon Emissions and Sinks in Rural Areas  
  by Xu Fang 
  Abstract: To get to carbon peaks and neutrality, it is essential to have a better idea of how area carbon pollution and a low-carbon economy work in time and place. From 2015 to 2022, Sichuan Provinces carbon emissions were found by dividing them into four main categories: energy use, industry output, forest activity, and garbage release. They also observed at how it changed over time and found the primary sources of carbon pollution. The super-SBM-undesirable model checked how low-carbon efficient Sichuan Province and its 21 towns were. The most significant source of carbon pollution in the area was energy use, especially power plants and energy centres for factories.
  Keywords: Temporal and spatial distribution; carbon emissions; low-carbon efficiency; Sichuan Province; inventory accounting method; Super-SBM-Undesirable model.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2025.10069137
   
  
• Carbon Savings achieved by Mineralising CO2 into Precipitated Calcium Carbonate: Calculation on a Pilot Project in a Thermal Power Plant  
  by Jingqi Tian, Mengqian Zhang, Zhiguo Sun, Chunhong Ding, Jing Ma, Lihong Cai 
  Abstract: Mineralization is among the most successful CCUS technologies, carbonizing CO2 into CaCO3 permanently. A pilot project at a thermal plant produces carbon-negative precipitated calcium carbonate, requiring 1.05 tonnes of carbide slag, 0.06 tonnes of NH4Cl, 242.5 kWh of energy, 0.2 tonnes of water, 4.27 Nm3 of air, and 0.44 tonnes of CO2 for each tonne of product. Carbon footprint calculated by the emission factor technique is -0.2199 t CO2/t CaCO3 (slurry application) and -0.1219 t CO2/t CaCO3 (dry powder application). Primary carbon emission is from energy-consuming media, with green energy expected to reduce carbon emissions significantly.
  Keywords: CCUS; Mineralisation; CaCO3; Carbon Emission; Emission Reduction.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2025.10069261
   
  
• Drivers of Green Finance Development: A Nonlinear fsQCA-ANN Analysis  
  by Quanling Cai, Weidong Chen, Mingxing Wang, Kaisheng Di 
  Abstract: Based on the TOE framework and analysing 31 Chinese provinces, this study uses fsQCA and ANN to explore key drivers of green finance. Findings indicate that green finance policies, environmental investments, financial regulation, and the digital economy significantly foster green finance development with varied pathways across regions. Public environmental awareness, technological innovation, and digital inclusive finance are also crucial. The study reveals a nonlinear development model for green finance, shaped by complex factor interactions, offering theoretical support for policymakers to design effective green finance strategies in complex economic contexts to achieve sustainable development goals.
  Keywords: Green Finance?Nonlinear Analysis?fsQCA; ANN.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2025.10069279
   
  
• Real-Time Carbon Emissions Monitoring Based on IoT Sensor Data and Green Supply Chain Management  
  by Mingming Chen, Kehan Bian, Zhu Zhou, Songwei Zeng 
  Abstract: An innovative strategy for reducing CO2 emissions is an environmentally friendly multi-energy system (EFMES) design designed to remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from energy production. The EFMES-based green optimisation with mixed-integer programming (GOMIP) technique improves energy distribution by focusing on creating a power hub that uses renewable energy sources. This method reduces carbon emissions and improves sustainability by protecting ecosystems and preserving resources. The experimental result shows an emission ratio of 9 gco2/mi, cost of 100 INR, financial constraint rate of 50%, reliability resilience of 8%, and environmental criteria 5 index compared to other methods.
  Keywords: integrated algebraic modelling; renewable energy; energy conservation; internet of things sensor data; green supply chain management; carbon dioxide emissions.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2025.10069448
   
  
• Multiscale Associations Between Global Surface Temperature Anomaly and El Nino-Southern Oscillation  
  by Ying Zhao, Meng Gao 
  Abstract: The El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) involves sea surface temperature and atmospheric variations in the eastern equatorial Pacific. This study integrates wavelet transform with Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) to create a multiscale similarity measurement. The approach captures varying durations and frequencies, analysing transient, non-periodic, and non-stationary signal characteristics. Using global surface air temperature (SAT) data, we assess ENSOs impact on the global climate at various time scales, underscoring the importance of multiscale decomposition by comparing correlations among ENSO outer nodes over different scales.
  Keywords: wavelet analysis; time series; Pearson correlation.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2025.10069728
   
  
• Construction of Low-Carbon Economic Enterprise Management Mode Based on Grey Digital Model  
  by Xintong Du, Yang Yang, Haifeng Guo 
  Abstract: This study explores the issue of constructing a low-carbon economic enterprise management model based on grey digital models. By analysing enterprise strategies and conducting model performance comparison experiments, the results show that the MAPE, MSE, and MAE values of the model in this paper are 0.275, 0.001, and 0.003, respectively, far lower than those of other models, with high prediction accuracy. The fitting degree of the model in this paper is 0.9997, which is better than that of other models, indicating strong performance support. Research shows that grey digital models have significant advantages in building low-carbon management models.
  Keywords: Low Carbon Economy; Enterprise Management Model; Construction Mode; Grey Digital Model.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2025.10069834
   
  
• Perception of the Residents in the Arctic Region towards Climate Change: a Case Study  
  by Sujeong Im, Seungho Lee, Eungul Lee 
  Abstract: This study investigated the perceptions of residents toward climate change and its impact in the Arctic. A questionnaire survey, and the integrated climate observation and reanalysis data of Cambridge Bay were analysed. Arctic residents were aware of climate change and its impacts, and were seriously worried as it adversely affected the local community. Inuit were less concerned about climate change, while hunters were more sensitive to its impacts. Changes in animal and plant distribution and sea ice extent are key concerns, as they threaten traditional culture. The findings can assist in prioritizing plans to mitigate climate change in the Arctic.
  Keywords: Arctic region; climate change impacts; hunting activity; Inuit community; questionnaire survey.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2025.10069860
   
  
• Global Warming Modelling Simulation based on the Numerical Weather Prediction system  
  by Jayant Shaligram Brahmane, Kiran Shrimant Kakade, Ameya Patil, Jaya Chitranshi, Arjita Jain, Pankaj Ramesh Natu 
  Abstract: Accurately and efficiently simulating the climate and predicting the weather are universal goals in the realm of human advancement. Despite its status as the gold standard, numerical weather prediction (NWP) faces challenges due to inherent atmospheric uncertainty and high processing costs, particularly in the post-Moores Law era. This article summarises the most significant models and noteworthy advances in climate modelling and data-driven weather forecasting. These models reduce prediction times from hours to seconds, outperforming state-of-the-art NWP techniques in over 90% of the variables. Data-driven climate models can accurately reproduce climate patterns across periods ranging from decades to centuries, significantly reducing computational effort and increasing efficiency. However, despite their numerous advantages, data-driven techniques also have notable limitations. These include difficulty in interpreting forecasts, challenges in evaluating model uncertainty, and overly cautious predictions under extreme conditions. The proposed system achieves an accuracy of 96.7%.
  Keywords: data-driven model; deep learning; weather forecasting; climate modelling; Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP).
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2025.10069922
   
  
• Investigation and Performance Evaluation of a Solar PV/T-Based Multi-Generation Plant for Clean Hydrogen Production  
  by Fatih Y?lmaz, Murat Ozturk, Re?at Selba? 
  Abstract: This research focuses on the thermodynamic analysis of a solar photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T)-based combined plant that uses energy and exergy efficiency to generate clean power, hot water, cooling, and hydrogen. This newly developed scheme is organized by a solar PV/T unit, a transcritical Rankine cycle (tRC) with an ejector, and a PEM electrolyzer. A comprehensive parametric analysis and dynamic modeling are fulfilled to determine the system performance changes. According to the analysis results, the developed plant can generate 9.153 kW of net electricity, 88.39 kW of cooling load, 151.9 kW of hot water, and 0.00002395 kg/s of green hydrogen. Finally, the system had 25.80% energy efficiency and 11.63% exergy efficiency.
  Keywords: Energy; exergy; solar PV/T; green hydrogen; transcritical Rankine Cycle.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2025.10070013
   
  
• Energy Monitoring and Performance Evaluation of New Generation Photovoltaic Modules  
  by Aykut Güzel, Mehmet Azmi Aktacir 
  Abstract: This study compares bPV and mPV modules with single-axis solar tracking systems (SAST) and fixed system installations in Sanliurfa, Turkey. The performance of the PV modules is evaluated by creating a comprehensive data set over one year. The results provide valuable insights for designing more effective and efficient systems for solar projects. SAST achieved 9.91% more bifacial gain for bPV technologies and 8.23% more energy output for mPV technologies than the fixed system. Tracking bifacial technology increased output per watt by 23.07% compared to fixed monofacial technologies, with the best performance ratio of 0.89 for the year.
  Keywords: bifacial photovoltaic module; bifacial gain; single axis solar tracking; performance ratio; IEC 61724-1.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2025.10070026
   
  
• Macro Monitoring and Early Warning Evaluation of Environmental Protection of Industrial Economy under the Target of Carbon Neutrality  
  by Ali Chen, Peifeng Cai, Jing Wang 
  Abstract: The article proposes the digitised carbon neutrality blockchain technology (DCN-BT) system, which combines blockchain and AI-driven sensor data to monitor industrial emissions in real-time. DCN-BT makes data more transparent, improves early warning accuracy to 97.43%, reduces industrial carbon intensity by 50%, and achieves 5% annual energy saving. DCN-BT creates a scalable, data-driven solution to balance economic growth with environmental sustainability by fusing multi-sensor data with blockchain validation. This proposed system helps governments and industries achieve carbon neutrality utilising advanced digital technologies that ensure efficient carbon tracking, predictive analytics, and better decision-making.
  Keywords: Carbon neutrality; Carbon emission; blockchain technology; Macro-monitoring.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2025.10070033
   
  
• Self-Organising Fuzzy Sliding-Mode Controller for Wastewater Treatment  
  by Varuna Kumara, Ezhilarasan Ganesan 
  Abstract: Wastewater Treatment Process (WWTP) has attracted increasing interest in protecting natural waters. However, the operation of WWTP is difficult because of physical, chemical, and biological phenomena associated with treatment units. Therefore, this paper suggested a self-organising Fuzzy-based Sliding-Mode Control (FSMC) for enhancing WWTP operation performance. Simulations and testing demonstrate Self-Organising Fuzzy based SMC (SO-FSMC's) superior control performance. This comprehensive analysis enables the understanding of how FSMC, coupled with JAYA optimisation, influences the distribution of specific chemical species throughout the treatment process. Accordingly, the adopted method attains very less computational time of 2.718s, which is higher than other existing algorithms. Accordingly the result shows that the proposed SO-FSMC method outperforms other techniques in terms of exergy efficiency, yielding values of 3.00E+11 for bioreactor 1, 1.99913 for bioreactor 2, 17.999 for bioreactor 3, 1.97094 for bioreactor 4, and 1.9739 for bioreactor 5.
  Keywords: Wastewater treatment process; Fuzzy control; SMC controller; Optimization.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2025.10070148
   
  
• GIS-Based Evaluation of Impact of Land Use on Bioclimatic Comfort Levels  
  by Tuba Rastgeldi Dogan, Can Bülent Karakuş 
  Abstract: The aim of this study is to reveal the relationship between bioclimatic comfort levels and land use determined by the weighted overlap method and Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) method using environmental climate parameters (ECP) for the years 1990-2018 in ?anl?urfa province. The relationship between bioclimatic comfort levels and land use was determined with the help of Geographic Information Systems (GIS). According to the results of this study, the most bioclimatically comfortable areas determined according to both methods in 1990 and 2018 overlapped with agricultural areas and this overlap was more evident in the annual period, spring and autumn.
  Keywords: Bioclimatic comfort; GIS; land use; ?anl?urfa.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2025.10070274
   
  
• Investigation on the Quantitative Relationship between Financial Economic Progress and Environmental Management from the Perspective of Low Carbon Sustainability  
  by Xiaojun She 
  Abstract: This study analyses the coupling coordination relationship between carbon emissions, economic development, and environmental management in various provinces in China from 1997 to 2020. The results show that low carbon emissions have a positive impact on the coordination relationship among the three. Guangdong Province ranks first in the coupling coordination degree of carbon emissions, economic development, and environmental management by virtue of its open policy, carbon rights trading, and industrial transformation. Its economic development has always been at the forefront of the country, providing a reference for studying the quantitative relationship between economic development and environmental management.
  Keywords: Financial and Economic Progress; Environmental Management; Low Carbon Sustainable; Coupling Coordination Model; Weighted Topsis Comprehensive Evaluation Method.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2025.10070294