International Journal of Global Warming (15 papers in press)

Regular Issues

• Recent Developments on Open Thermochemical Energy Storage towards Decarbonized Building Space Heating and Cooling  
  by Asli Akyol Inada, Marzieh Rezaei, Devrim Aydin 
  Abstract: Thermal energy storage (TES) is one of the key technologies to achieve sustainability and mitigate the global warming impact. Among the all TES methods, thermochemical energy storage (TCES) presents promising features including relatively high energy density and long term heat storage potential. Accordingly, this study presents an overview with a focus on reaction and sorption-based open TCES systems. Within the study, material, reactor and process integration aspects of open TCES systems both for heating and cooling applications are evaluated. This study could provide important insights on future development of TCES materials and technologies.
  Keywords: thermochemical energy storage; heating; cooling; salt; solar energy; sorption; dissolution; reactor; process.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2024.10060563
   
  
• Transforming Blackwater from Multi-Storey Residential Buildings: A Sustainable and Novel Closed-Loop Approach to Reusable Water and Biogas  
  by Venkata Sai Policherla, K. Srinivas Reddy 
  Abstract: One of the most challenging issues in underdeveloped nations is the treatment of domestic blackwater. This study adopts environmentally conscious solar ETC powered MED technology to treat wastewater and biogas digester for handling human waste. This study proposes an integrated solution for a 100-family neighbourhood, processing 3,900 litres of wastewater and 160 kg of faeces each day. In April, the MED unit achieves a 49.25% recovery rate during 5 hours/day operation, yielding 13.22 tonnes of distillate annually. It also generates 1,875.37 kg methane and 55.27 tonnes of organic fertiliser each year. System performance is analysed using a MATLAB R2020a-based mathematical model.
  Keywords: domestic waste; multi-effect distillation; MED; reusable water; biogas digester; fertiliser; decentralised unit.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2024.10060569
   
  
• Analytical Hierarchy Process and Data Envelopment Analysis for Assessment of Renewable Energy Sources  
  by Müjgan Bilge Eriş, Kemal Tepret, Hande Çavuş Arslan, Çağrı Özgün Kibiroğlu 
  Abstract: Most of the energy resources consumed today come from fossil fuels which are non-renewable and cause harmful effects on the environment. Technological improvements and increasing energy deficit have made countries to prioritize the exploration of alternative options and place greater emphasis on renewable energy resources. In this research, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and data envelopment analysis (DEA) techniques are used to assess the relative efficiency and generate priority rankings for a set of renewable energy resources in T
  Keywords: analytic hierarchy process; AHP; data envelopment analysis; DEA; energy efficiency; renewable energy resources; multi-criteria decision making.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2024.10062237
   
  
• Investigation of the effect of solar energy use in buildings on reducing carbon dioxide emissions  
  by Ebru Hancioğlu 
  Abstract: The aim of this study was to examine the reduction in CO2 emissions by using solar modules. In the article, the energy analysis of Narldere Nursing Home and Rehabilitation Centre (NNHRM) an exemplary public building in Izmir, was discussed. In this study, it was determined that if 1,500 kWp PV Panels were used, approximately 63.58% of the facilitys electricity needs would be met by PV panels. It was revealed that by using the use of PV panels, an improvement of 6.98% in primary energy, 12.27% in CO2 emissions and 7.51% in PER would be achieved. The repayment period is calculated as 7.1 years.
  Keywords: energy analysis; solar energy; energy consumption; CO2 emission.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2024.10062931
   
  
• Assessment of Carbon Trading within Blockchain and Subfield of Artificial Intelligence: a Review  
  by Sofya Morozova, Arif Karabuga, Zafer Utlu 
  Abstract: How can blockchain and AI revolutionise carbon trading? This article explores this question by reviewing the literature on blockchain's potential to create smart contracts for carbon trading. It also illustrates step-by-step guidance to write a smart contract that covers the essential aspects of the market. It is suggested that blockchain technology can address some shortcomings of the current system while usage of the data provided by ML makes contract actually smart.
  Keywords: carbon trading; blockchain; artificial intelligence; AI.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2024.10064244
   
  
• A Dynamic City-Level Carbon Emission Allocation Distribution Analysis under the Constraint of Diverse Provincial Carbon Neutral Trajectory  
  by Wei Li, Hao Jiang, Can Lu 
  Abstract: This paper aims to explore the carbon emission allocation scheme in Hebei Province under the net-zero emission pathway. Initially, the STIRPAT and PSO-BP models are employed to forecast the carbon emissions and sequestration in Hebei Province across nine scenarios. Subsequently, this study utilises the entropy weight method and the ZSG-DEA model to allocate annual carbon emissions in Hebei Province under the carbon-neutral scenario among the 11 cities within its jurisdiction. Finally, based on the distribution results, this study identifies the directions and quantities of future carbon emissions adjustments required in these cities.
  Keywords: carbon neutral in Hebei Province; carbon emission allocation scheme; carbon emission reduction space.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2024.10064725
   
  
• A Comparative Study on Water Indicators: A Case Study  
  by Hayder H. Kareem, Uday Alturfi, Zainab Omran 
  Abstract: Water and moisture pool locations assist improve, maintain, and perpetuate excellent environmental conditions. The watersheds of Baghdad Governorate in Iraq were investigated using the normalised difference water index (NDWI) and modified NDWI. Water indicators are calculated from Landsat-8 OLI: bands 3, 5 and 6 of the multispectral satellite images. NDWI and MNDWI values for the research region were 0.244 to 0.793 and 0.312 to 0.801, respectively. In general, water indicators show water complexes in the studied region. The MNDWI index is more accurate and efficient in investigating wet and watery regions than the NDWI index.
  Keywords: normalised difference water index; NDWI; modified normalised difference water index; MNDWI; Landsat 8-OLI; remote sensing technology; Baghdad Governorate; Iraq.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2024.10064737
   
  
• Towards Sustainable Perovskite Solar Cells: Recycling Fluorine-Doped Tin Oxide Substrates for Environmental Impact  
  by Elif Damgaci, Ayşe Seyhan, Emre Kartal, Furkan Güçlüer 
  Abstract: The limited lifetime of perovskite solar cells raises concerns about disposal, recycling, and environmental impact. Recycling perovskite materials, including crucial components like fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates, offers an opportunity to mitigate environmental impacts and production costs. This research focuses on chemically and physically cleaning and recycling FTO substrates, crucial for reducing the overall manufacturing cost of perovskite solar cells. Comparative analysis between RecFTO glasses and commercial FTO counterparts encompassed structural, morphological, optical, and electrical properties. This approach fosters sustainability in perovskite solar cell production by effectively addressing environmental concerns and cost challenges through FTO recycling.
  Keywords: recycling; perovskite solar cells; PSC; fluorine-doped tin oxide; FTO.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2024.10064776
   
  
• Combined Heat and Power with Fuel Cells or Internal Combustion Engines using nearly Green Hydrogen for Decarbonisation  
  by Birol I. Kilkis 
  Abstract: The carbon footprint of fuel-cells and internal combustion engines for cogeneration with green hydrogen are compared. A new definition based on the exergy destructions by the renewable energy systems is introduced for the green hydrogen concept. With six rating and evaluation metrics, 11 major emission-responsible points were identified in comparing fuel cell and internal combustion engine type of combined heat and power. Flat-plate solar panels, and geothermal energy are considered for temperature peaking to replace heat pumps. Results show that they cannot meet the emission minimisation objective. Case studies provide ways and for minimum carbon dioxide emissions responsibility.
  Keywords: CO2 emissions; exergy destruction; fuel cell; combined heat and power; solar and geothermal energy; heat pump.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2024.10064824
   
  
• Experimental study of precursor greenhouse gas reduction in biofilter systems using Nano Materials  
  by Andac Akdemir, Ümmükülsüm ÖZEL Akdemir 
  Abstract: Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX), emitted in animal farms, were measured in this study for 84 days. To reduce precursor VOC emission, poultry litter were covered with nanomaterial (graphene oxide, single-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon, activated carbon, and graphite) as daily cover. The adsorbent material performances between the cabinets were compared statistically using Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal Wallis H and Wilcoxon tests. It was concluded that a decrease in pollutant emission was observed when adding carbon nanotubes. Different materials did not cause a difference in pollutant release between benzene, toluene, xylene and ethylbenzene.
  Keywords: poultry litter; volatile organic compound; VOC; BTEX; nanomaterials; air pollution; climate change.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2024.10065079
   
  
• Explainable Artificial Intelligence?Based Approaches for Climate Change: A Review  
  by H. Can Barutcu, Serra Çelik, Murat Gezer 
  Abstract: Climate change is a significant problem that requires urgent action to identify and mitigate its causes. While artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms offer a promising tool to identify these causes, black box constructs often obscure the meaning and impact of essential elements. At this point, explainable artificial intelligence (XAI), which illuminates algorithms and allows understanding of which factors significantly affect climate change, can be a saviour. This study focuses on applying XAI to reveal the factors affecting climate change, starting with identifying the areas that AI technologies can affect based on the existing literature. The pros and cons of artificial intelligence are discussed before delving into the concept of XAI and its potential in climate change research. This research aimed to clarify how AI can be effectively leveraged to address the complexities of climate change through XAI, highlighting the role of XAI in making AI insights into climate change understandable and actionable.
  Keywords: Explainable Artificial Intelligence; Climate Change; Artificial Intelligence.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2024.10065140
   
  
• Towards to Zero Carbon Emission at YTU Davutpasa Campus  
  by Fatma Zehra Sukur, Bestamin Ozkaya, Tamer Yilmaz 
  Abstract: Yildiz Technical University has developed a sustainable campus model by investing in renewable energy sources, implementing a zero-waste management system, and installing water-efficient irrigation systems. The Davutpasa Campus has recently become a hub for training, research centres and other R&D activities to improve sustainability. It succeeded to decrease its total energy consumption by 15% and transportation actions by 7% in comparison to the reference year 2018. The reduction of emissions was greatly achieved by carbon offsets, which resulted in a 50% decrease as compared to 2018. This strong commitment to sustainability has observed YTU's rise in green university rankings.
  Keywords: sustainability; green universities; emission sinks; carbon offsetting.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2024.10065349
   
  
• Evaluating the Environmental Impact of Biofuel Vehicular Emissions in Developing Countries  
  by Balasubramanian G, Balashanmugam P, Kumaravel K, Sivaprakasam S 
  Abstract: This study assesses gaseous pollutant emissions from two-wheeler and four-wheeler vehicles using various fuels, focusing on carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and hydrocarbons (HC). Statistical data on emissions are analysed to understand the potential impact of future vehicle growth rates on air quality. Using a top-down approach, emissions of pollutants such as CO, nitrogen oxide (NOX), and sulphur dioxide (SO2) are estimated for the years 20212022. The study also considers factors like composition, engine performance, and emission temperature. A deep neural network with fuzzy wavelets (DNN-FW) approach is employed to predict carbon emissions and energy demand management from 20222050. MATLAB software is used for implementation. Results show estimated emissions of 0.05 for CO, 32.55 for HC and 16.34 for CO2 by 2050. The studys proposed approach achieves higher regression values (0.99 for SO2 emissions) compared to existing methods like SW-SVR, GB, and RF, indicating improved performance with lower error rates. Accurate input data ensures reliable predictions for future emissions.
  Keywords: biofuel; vehicular emissions; hydrocarbons; carbon monoxides; carbon dioxide; top-down approach; deep neural network; fuzzy wavelets; energy demand management; EDM.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2024.10065351
   
  
• A New Approach for Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Groundwater Treatment: Biochar derived by Solar Pyrolysis  
  by Pelin Yapicioglu, Mehmet İrfan Yesilnacar, Nurdan Büyükkamaci 
  Abstract: This study has aimed to recommend an innovative approach which is biochar adsorption process to mitigate greenhouse house gas (GHG) emissions resulted from groundwater treatment. This study has showed a point of view to present the potential of biochar application on the mitigation of GHG emissions from groundwater treatment. There is a limited point of view to minimise the GHG emissions due to water resources treatment. This study has proposed to mitigate nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions originated from groundwater treatment using biochar derived from pomegranate (Punica granatum) peels, carob (Ceratonia siliqua) seeds and Turkish coffee (Coffea Turkish) residue generated by solar assisted pyrolysis. A GHG emission calculation and mitigation index (GHGIBA) based on biochar adsorption process has been developed and validated in this study. According to the Monte Carlo simulation, the recommended indicator (GHGIBA) has been meaningful in the range of 89
  Keywords: Groundwater treatment; GHG emissions; biochar; mitigation.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2024.10065385
   
  
• Exploring the Drivers of Green Purchase Behaviour: the Moderating Roles of Perceived Expensiveness and Green Scepticism  
  by Kenan Aydın, Meral Uzunoz, Gizem Köse, Ece Özer Çizer 
  Abstract: This research aims to investigate factors affecting green consumption behaviour by utilizing theory of planned behaviour and extends the theory by integrating environmental attitude, perceived expensiveness, and green scepticism variables. The results show that environmental attitude, attitude towards purchasing green products, subjective norms, and perceived behaviour control variables determine green product consumption. The study also presents the partial mediator role of attitude towards buying green products in the relationship between environmental attitude and green product purchase behaviour. Furthermore, perceived expensiveness and green scepticism have negative moderating roles in the relationship between attitude towards purchasing green products and green purchase behaviour.
  Keywords: green product; theory of planned behavior; environmental attitude; green marketing; green consumption.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2024.10065408