International Journal of Masonry Research and Innovation (44 papers in press)

Regular Issues

• Effect of chemical additives and recycled aggregate size on the properties of pervious concrete pavement  
  by Fatima Alsaleh, Feras Al Adday 
  Abstract: This research investigates how changes in aggregate diameter and percentage of chemical additives affect the performance of pervious concrete (PC) made from recycled aggregates (RA) in Syria. In the first stage, three distinct mixing methods of adding chemical plasticizer (CP) to the other mixture constituents [recycled aggregates (RA), water, and cement] were tested. In the second stage, two types of RC (coarse and fine) are treated with a viscosity-modifying plasticizer (added at rates of 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2%). The study’s findings revealed that the third mixing method, which involves the creation of a cement slurry, is superior. Furthermore, the optimal ratio of viscosity-modifying plasticizer was found to be 1.6% and 1.9% for coarse and fine RC, respectively. When using fine aggregates, a higher compressive strength value was obtained than when using coarse aggregates. Additionally, the third-generation viscosity-modifying plasticizer resulted in higher compressive strength.
  Keywords: pervious concrete; chemical additives; flexible pavement; recycled aggregates; compressive strength; viscosity-modifying plasticiser.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJMRI.2024.10061941
   
  
• Soft computing and statistical analysis methods to forecast the uniaxial compressive strength of marl rocks  
  by Krikar M. Gharrib Noori, Younis Mustafa Ali Alshkane, Kamal Ahmad Rashed 
  Abstract: The purpose of this study is to forecast the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of marl rocks, which is a crucial indicator in understanding the rock strength and evaluating their suitability for engineering applications. Simple linear regression (SLR) and artificial neural networks (ANN) are two examples of soft computing techniques used in the research. The study places a focus on data normality, model quality, and accuracy using information from 119 samples of marl rock in Iraq-Kurdistan. With an R-squared value of 0.76 for UCS prediction, the point load index Is(50) parameter of the SLR models produced the model (M4) that was most appropriate. However, the ANN-M4 model performed the best, producing the most precise UCS predictions. Montmorillonite clay minerals were discovered during mineralogical and geochemical analyses using SEM, EDX, XRD, and XRF. This information explained why the rock was susceptible to changes in moisture content and potential disintegration.
  Keywords: rock engineering parameters; statistical analysis SLR; soft computing ANN-MLP; mineralogical investigation; marl rock type.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJMRI.2024.10061961
   
  
• Assessment of spatial and temporal variations in Qattinah Lake using statistical analysis  
  by Lina Khouri, Ruba Dahham Alsaeed, Bassam Alaji 
  Abstract: The temporal and spatial variation of 18 water quality indicators were studied in this study over a period of 16 years in seven stations along Qattinah Lake; to develop water quality standards and improve the evaluation of the water suitability for various uses. To determine the indicators correlation in order to classify different pollution levels cluster analysis was used, it gave two clusters. Discriminant analysis was applied to classify the indicators based on their similar characteristics. It led to a significant decrease in the number of variables needed to determine the type of pollution. The best results were for temporal changes, it gave four basic variables that have a significant impact on water quality: (T, COD, PO4, NO3) with a variance ratio of 100% of the total variance which is considered an excellent ratio for determining water quality.
  Keywords: discriminant analysis; DA; multivariate statistical; spatial variation; temporal variation; water quality.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJMRI.2024.10062188
   
  
• A predictive model for project progress index in EPC projects using data mining techniques  
  by Ali Mohamad Ahmad, Fayez Jrad, Samah Makia 
  Abstract: This study proposes a database that utilises online analytical processing (OLAP) to help project management in engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) companies. It uses data mining techniques to create a model that predicts the project progress index (PPI) at any stage of the project based on historical data. The model is evaluated using statistical parameters such as root mean squared error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE). The results show that the model can predict PPI values accurately throughout the project life cycle. The study suggests using the model to improve forecasting and tracking of EPC projects, which can enhance decision-making and economic performance. This research addresses the challenges faced by EPC construction companies when collecting and organising historical operational data to support project-tracking decisions.
  Keywords: EPC projects; earned duration management; EDM; project progress index; PPI; online analytical processing; OLAP; data mining.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJMRI.2024.10062324
   
  
• Enhancement of concrete performance by using compound mixture of waste pottery and red brick powders  
  by Umer Safeer, Raja Bilal Nasar Khan, Anwar Khitab 
  Abstract: Waste pottery objects and broken bricks were collected from dumping sites, crushed, and milled to a fine powder. The compound mixture was added to concrete blends as a partial replacement for cement at the rate of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%. The hardened specimens were subjected to density and various mechanical strength tests. Test results revealed that with a 2%-3% rise in density, the strength could be increased by 11%-15%. The increase in density and strength was caused by the development of higher calcium-silicate-hydrate gel and dense packing. Waste ceramic particles absorbed more water and caused a delay in cement lubrication at the mixing stage (retarding effect). The water absorption in the fresh state reduced shrinkage cracks within the matrix at later stages. The compound mixture of pottery and brick powder as cement replacement reduces the cost and shrinkage and enhances the density, strength, and durability of cementitious composites.
  Keywords: concrete; cement; partial replacement; ceramic powder; brick powder; workability; density; shrinkage; mechanical strength.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJMRI.2024.10062676
   
  
• Glass panels supported by spider fittings: advantages, challenges, and applications in modern masonry facades  
  by Muhammad Tayyab Naqash, Antonio Formisano 
  Abstract: This paper provides an overview of point-supported glass systems using spider fittings, highlighting their advantages and challenges. A parametric analysis is performed on horizontal and vertical glass panels in canopies and curtain walls supported by spiders. Different glass thicknesses (6 mm, 8 mm and 10 mm) and wind loads (1 kPa, 1.25 kPa and 2 kPa) are considered. The paper also includes the case study of a building with a unique facade design that employs spider fittings, outlining the engineering considerations necessary for a successful installation. Two cases have been shown herein: a canopy with glass panels and a curtain wall, both supported by spider fittings. The curtain wall comprises double-glazed units with a 6 + 1.52 + 6 air gap (12 mm) on one side and an 8 + 1.52 + 6 air gap. The entire structural system is found safe according to different acceptance criteria that structural codes recommend.
  Keywords: glass panels; point-supported glass systems; spider fittings; masonry architecture; façade design; curtain walls.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJMRI.2024.10063211
   
  
• Structural behaviour of unbonded post-tensioned masonry walls with threaded rods in clay block  
  by Bregy Choque, Caori Takeuchi 
  Abstract: Masonry is one of the oldest and least expensive construction techniques, however, its fragile failure mode and its low performance to tension stress make it necessary to complement its system with the use of reinforcement steel. In some cases, it is ineffective since the compressive resistance that masonry can resist is wasted, and at this point it is preferred to use pre-stressing force. In this context, the behaviour of the masonry wall was studied with a given pre-compression before service loads. This study aimed to present the evaluation of a new post-tensioning system in clay block structural masonry through an experimental methodology, in which the characterisation of the materials (mortar, masonry units, aggregates, steel bars) and the characterisation of the masonry (compression walls, diagonal tension, monotonic and cyclic lateral loading) were carried out. It was found that the application of a 5kN concentric vertical pre-stressing in the masonry significantly increases the in-plane ultimate strength of the wall (5.72 kN19.88 kN). The hysteresis cycle envelope for the post-tensioned wall showed a ductility (= y/max.) of 16.12, which is evidence of adequate ductility for this proposed post-tensioning system.
  Keywords: posttensioned masonry; prestressed; clay; numeric model; unbonded pre-stressing.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJMRI.2024.10063399
   
  
• Improving building energy performance based on building information modelling approach  
  by Yousif Youkhanna Zaia, Sarhat Mustafa Adam, Farsat Heeto Abdulrahman 
  Abstract: The construction industry has predominantly relied on conventional building methods that prioritise elevated energy consumption over the entire life cycle of a structure. Most greenhouse gas emissions occur while operating the building. In Iraq, the use of insulation materials is optional, and most buildings are built using traditional materials. Therefore, retrofitting existing buildings using renewable materials can reduce global energy consumption and greenhouse gases emissions. For that reason, the utilisation of technology in the construction industry is imperative to attain enhanced productivity outcomes. Thus, one of the most valuable technologies is building information modelling (BIM). This study aims to analyse and optimise the energy efficiency of a building through the utilisation of Autodesk Revit and Insight 360. The results indicated that the energy consumption in the building decreased from $6.28/m2/year to $3.56/m2/year. Applying parameters to energy analysis can lead to enhanced conceptual designs that are effective from an environmental standpoint.
  Keywords: building information modelling; BIM; building parameters; energy analysis and optimisation; energy modelling; energy costs.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJMRI.2024.10063400
   
  
• Improve the behaviour of ancient limestone walls using mortar with glass fibre under cyclic loads  
  by Ghada Al Esrawy, Hala Hasan 
  Abstract: Masonry buildings represent an important part of the human heritage worldwide and preservation of these old structures is one of the priorities of both private owners and the authorities. Masonry structures suffer from their inappropriate performance under extreme loads such as earthquakes and the retrofitting operations require correct control of the quality of the original mortar. Indeed, the use of cementations repairing material instead lime joint mortar leads to the apparition of cracks on the stone-mortar interfaces. In the present work, an experimental program was first conducted to study the effect of the joint mortar and limestone qualities on the cyclic performance of masonry walls. Fifty mortars were prepared using available local pozzolanic powders, recycled brick and glass fibres at different contents and tested to achieve the optimal mix design. One layer and multi-layers masonry prisms were built using glass fibre reinforced mortars to assess the overall performance under uniaxial and flexural loadings. Numerical analysis was performed using a micro-mechanical model to validate the obtained experimental results. In addition to the results obtained in this work, the results of other tests available in the literature were also validated. The obtained results showed a clear enhancement in the overall seismic behaviour and the ductility by using the glass fibre mortar.
  Keywords: lime mortar; glass fibre; masonry; cyclic loads.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJMRI.2024.10063469
   
  
• Effect of waste PET fibre on rheological and mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete  
  by Shireen T. Saadullah, James H. Haido, Yaman S.S. Al-Kamaki 
  Abstract: One of the prevalent environmental issues is the disposal of solid waste, particularly polyethylene terephthalate (PET), which primarily originates from plastic drinking bottles. The objective of this study is to observe the impact of incorporating PET waste fibres (PETWF) on the rheological and mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC). Different volumetric ratios of waste PET fibres (0%, 0.25%, and 0.5%) with fibre lengths of 2 cm and 4 cm were used. Fresh concrete tests showed that mixes with PETWF having a length of 2 cm meet the criteria of self-compactability of concrete, irrespective of the fibres content. The hardened concrete tests showed a slight enhancement in compressive and tensile strength of mixtures that incorporating 0.25%PET fibre (2 cm), and also showed that the plastic fibres have a significant impact on enhancement the flexural strength of mixtures containing (0.5%PET) fibres (4 cm). The achieved results are very interesting and suggest the potential use of PETWF in structural components of SCC, as the inclusion of these fibres in concrete retards the formation of micro-cracks.
  Keywords: self-compacting concrete; SCC; waste PET fibre; rheological properties; mechanical properties.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJMRI.2024.10064002
   
  
• Performance of lime-based coating mortars with aggregate from different industries  
  by Poliana Bellei, João Pacheco, Maria Paula Mendes, Julio Veloso, Runar Solstad, Isabel Torres, Inês Flores-Colen 
  Abstract: This study focuses on the reuse of various types of waste, including industrial waste from aquaculture (oyster shells), plastics (disposable protective masks), and construction and demolition waste used as aggregates in hydraulic lime mortars. The researchers conducted mortar characterisation tests in the fresh state, as well as in the hardened state. The mortars containing oyster shells and construction and demolition recycled aggregates did not exhibit significant differences compared to the reference mortar. However, the mortars produced with construction and demolition recycled aggregates demonstrated higher mechanical strengths than the other mixtures. The viscosity of the reference mortar and of the mortars with 100% construction and demolition recycled aggregate showed similar results. The type IIR face mask waste incorporation into the mortars resulted in the lowest density of all lime-based mortars tested. Utilising industrial waste in composites contributes to a circular economy, reducing raw material extraction, and minimising landfilling.
  Keywords: oyster shell; type IIR face mask; construction and demolition recycled aggregate; hydraulic lime mortar.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJMRI.2024.10064113
   
  
• Investigation of the behaviour of recycled aggregate concrete columns under bi-eccentric compression  
  by Bushra D. Alakkari, Soleman A. Alamodi 
  Abstract: This paper investigates the behaviour of recycled aggregate concrete columns under bi-eccentric compression. In order to assess the results, samples of concrete mixes containing 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% recycled aggregate were prepared and tested. In addition, reinforced concrete columns designated C0, C25, C50, C75 and C100 were fabricated and tested under monotonic biaxial eccentric compression loading using three eccentricity values. The results show that the stress-strain curve for concrete made with recycled aggregates has a similar shape to that of concrete made with natural aggregates, with a lower peak stress and more deformability in the descending branch. The results led to the conclusion that recycled aggregate concrete with a controlled particle size distribution, a plasticizer and a calibrated W/C ratio could be used for columns subjected to eccentric compression. The loss in load-bearing capacity is between 2% and 20%, with the same failure modes.
  Keywords: recycled aggregate; RA; natural aggregate; bi-eccentric pressure; replacement; strain-stress curve.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJMRI.2024.10064122
   
  
• Predicting compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete using natural aggregate concrete compressive strength and material proportions  
  by Wasfi Diab, Ghoson Danhash 
  Abstract: This research aims to find an empirical relationship to predict the compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete at 28 days and another one for different ages based on a set of variables; with different wide ranges of the parameters. An experimental database from 40 previous research studies was created, containing 435 results, to propose an empirical relationship for predicting the compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete. For verifying the proposed relationships, two groups of mixes were designed: the first one with a constant plasticiser ratio and the second one with a variable plasticiser ratio, and each group contains five concrete mixes using recycled aggregates with replacement ratios of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% to conduct a compression test and compare the experimental results with those obtained from the proposed relationships. The efficiency of the suggested relationships is proven by the good concordance between the empirical and experimental data.
  Keywords: compressive strength; recycled aggregate concrete; RAC; replacement ratio; water/cement ratio; plasticiser.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJMRI.2024.10064603
   
  
• Structural health monitoring of reinforced concrete structures and carbon fibre reinforced polymer by active infrared thermography methods  
  by Sam Ang Keo, Barbara Grochowalska, Franck Brachelet, Didier Defer, Chan-Young Yune 
  Abstract: The paper presents the application of infrared thermography method in detecting defect in carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) which can be used for strengthening reinforced concrete (RC) structures such as beam, column, slab and wall The presented method was also applied to detecting steel bars in an RC wall Three infrared thermography methods with three different excitation systems were used: CO2 laser, halogen lamps, and microwave The defect in CFRP (bidirectional, one layer and a thickness of 1 mm) used for strengthening a concrete plate was represented by absence of adhesive (represented by the presence of air). Another specimen of RC wall of 1000 mm by 1000 mm, and 65 mm thickness, with steel bars of 12 mm diameter (100 mm of spacing), was used to investigate the reinforcement inspection. A mid-wavelength infrared camera, with a 320 by 256 matrix detector, was used to record the thermograms.
  Keywords: structural health monitoring; SHM; infrared thermography; carbone fibre reinforced polymer; CFRP; steel reinforcements; microwave; reinforced concrete; RC structures.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJMRI.2024.10067102
   
  
• Performance evaluation of modified gabion retaining wall  
  by Ganesh C. Chikute, Anand B. Tapase, Dnyaneshwar V. Wadkar, Dinesh Y. Dhande, Manoj P. Wagh 
  Abstract: The conventional gabion wall is gaining popularity due to its simplicity, rapid construction, flexibility, and versatile applications. Nevertheless, it does have some drawbacks, including large cross-section areas, inefficiency in Gabion mesh usage, and challenges in sourcing suitable stones. Therefore, the conventional gabion wall requires modifications to address these limitations. To address these concerns, an experimental study was conducted on an externally reinforced open joint block masonry wall using gabion mesh. This paper provides insights into the construction process, testing arrangements, and the results of these modifications. The modified gabion wall proved to be cost-effective, reducing the cross-section area by approximately 50%, while being time-efficient, eco-friendly, and reusable. These modified walls are very effective in landslide area due to its flexibility and simplicity as compared with conventional gabion wall. Additionally, there is potential for further adaptations to suit specific site conditions.
  Keywords: modified gabion wall; retaining wall; model testing.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJMRI.2024.10065306
   
  
• Mechanical properties estimation of historical masonry buildings the Louvre Museum case study  
  by Thirunathan Muniswamy, Hemapriya Mani, M. Vinoth Kanna, Janani Selvam 
  Abstract: The characteristics of the materials used in the construction of masonry buildings have a considerable influence on the general behaviour of these structures throughout their growth. The study technique comprises a number of different components, such as data from experiments that were obtained via on-site sampling, tests and analyses that were carried out, historical information, and observations that were made during field surveys. It was feasible to undertake research into the basic physical and mechanical features of the components of the masonry by making use of stone blocks, mortars, and core-infill materials. This study was the result of the utilisation of these materials.
  Keywords: masonry walls; construction materials; architectural heritage; microanalysis; mineralogical investigation.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJMRI.2024.10065433
   
  
• Digital image correlation for post-cracking assessment of synthetic fibre-reinforced mortar  
  by Haruna Ibrahim, Hanaa Fares, George Wardeh 
  Abstract: This study investigates the impact of polypropylene short synthetic (SSYN) and long synthetic (LSYN) fibres on the mechanical performance of structural mortars and validates the digital image correlation (DIC) technique for post-cracking assessment. Though precise, traditional strain measurement devices like strain gauges and LVDTs cannot generate strain maps and require meticulous setup. The study used DIC to characterise fracture behaviour in mortars. Three series of mortars were prepared: normal strength mortar (NSM), high strength mortar (HSM), and high strength mortar with Fly Ash (HSFAM), reinforced with Sika force fibres (19 mm and 54 mm) at 0.6% and 1% by volume. Tests examined workability, mechanical properties, and post-cracking properties of 40x40x160 mm prisms at different ages. Results showed increased compressive strength with low fibre addition and significant enhancement in flexural strength. Residual tensile strength and deformation ability were higher at 1% fibre content, with post-cracking behaviour shifting from softening to hardening.
  Keywords: mortar; synthetic fibres; DIC; flexural strength; compressive strength; post-cracking.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJMRI.2024.10067103
   
  
• A proposed plan for managing construction waste in Syria  
  by Mazen Ibrahim, Ranya Essa, Abdallateif Ahmad Almohammed 
  Abstract: The accumulation of construction waste is one of the most important problems that needs to be solved in cities due to its negative environmental and economic effects. Therefore, the idea of recycling construction waste and reusing recycled products as a substitute for raw materials is the main point of this paper. The process of recycling and managing construction waste is not used significantly in Syria, despite the huge amounts of construction waste generated after the war, earthquakes, and other construction demolitions. Therefore, in this research, a realistic plan for how construction waste is managed through recycling and reusing waste materials at construction sites in Syria was developed. This plan highlighted the points that are applied in the Syrian construction sites and the points that are not implemented in these sites despite their great importance and proposed solutions to obstacles that may be encountered in the work at these sites.
  Keywords: plan; construction waste; recycling; waste management; reusing; Syria.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJMRI.2024.10066352
   
  
• Ductility enhancement of RC beams strengthened with near surface mounted SMA technique  
  by Kinan Kadoon, Ammar Abbass, Bassam Hwaiji 
  Abstract: Based on many studies carried out on strengthening RC beams and girders with the near surface mounted (NSM) technique with fibre reinforced polymer (FRP), ductility reduction has been observed. In this research, an advanced and promising technique for retrofitting previously designed RC beams known as the near-surface-mounted (NSM) method with shape-memory alloy (SMA) strips is proposed which can help overcome the shortcomings of the NSM-FRP technique. The ductility enhancement of NSM-SMA beams was studied numerically using 2D fibre element modelling via OpenSees software, and five types of SMA materials were used. Improving the RC beams’ flexural behaviour using the NSM-SMA retrofitting technique was also discussed. Results showed that, for RC beams, the NSM-SMA technique enhanced the ductility to reach more than 90% in some of the NSM-SMA beams, and a reduction in the ductility of the NSM-CFRP beam was observed compared with the control beam.
  Keywords: reinforced concrete; RC beam; near surface mounted; NSM; shape-memory alloy; SMA; ductility; OpenSees.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJMRI.2025.10066621
   
  
• Using neural networks to predict biological oxygen demand removal in integrated fixed film activated sludge process  
  by Diala Shehab, Heba Aljaddou, Ghassan Durra Al Haddad 
  Abstract: The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) is a necessary parameter for the effective control and monitoring of the wastewater treatment plants , and predicting the removal of BOD5 would eliminate the delay in measuring the BOD5 using laboratory methods. In this paper, the artificial neural networks were used to build a predictive model for BOD5 removal in Integrated fixed film activated sludge process, when pumice stone was used as a biological carrier in the aeration tank in the experimental plant, , the experiments were conducted, by changing the organic loading and the filling ratio of the pumice stone. The model was built based on two parameters which are (organic load rate OLR, pumice filling ratio P). The ideal network architecture was reached after a number of trials and errors (2-90-1), where the root mean squared error (RMSE) value for the best network was (0.665). The value of the correlation coefficient was (99.45%).
  Keywords: sludge; biological carriers; pumice stone; aeration tanks; artificial neural networks; ANNs; BOD5.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJMRI.2024.10067104
   
  
• Valorisation of demolition and construction wastes rejected over Moroccan cities, contribution to the decarbonation of the country, economic development and resources save  
  by Mourad Morsli, Mohamed Tahiri, Azzeddine Samdi, Rajae Addou 
  Abstract: In Morocco, construction, together with public works, represents the sector that produces inert wastes. In 2015, 14 million tons of demolition and construction wastes were produced (CETEMCO, 2020). Our project is oriented towards recycling and using concrete wastes. We present concrete results in recycling and exploiting this abundant deposit. We used Google E-GIS technology to gather and geolocate the deposit ares of demolition and construction waste. The waste was characterised by FX-ray, while particle size separation was performed by sieving after crushing and grinding. Each obtained fraction was used to develop suitable building materials like coatings and light cement. The materials were tested for flexural and compressive strength, which decreased with increasing demolition waste substitution. It targets to offer cost-effective materials that are environment-friendly for building and construction purposes, as well as for the rehabilitation of quarries and the construction of roads, bridges, and pluvial basins.
  Keywords: demolition and construction waste; recovery and recycling; light cement; decorative gravel; coating; Casablanca; Morocco.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJMRI.2024.10066864
   
  
• Assessment of mortar and paste properties in the presence of nutrients used in bacteria-based self-healing  
  by Adonay Pinto, Belén González-Fonteboa, Sindy Seara-Paz, Fernando Martínez-Abella 
  Abstract: Small cracks in cement-based materials represent one of their primary weak points. To address this, self-sealing techniques have emerged, being one of them the use of bacteria and nutrients. The objective of this work is to analyse the effect that these nutrients have on the properties of mortars and pastes. To achieve this, yeast extract, calcium lactate and calcium nitrate were selected. For mortar characterization, compressive strength, and shrinkage tests were developed. These tests were complemented with rheological tests Stress Growth Test and Flow Curve Test in pastes. The results demonstrate how the incorporation of these nutrients alters the properties of mortars and pastes, such as the decrease of almost 50% in early age strengths when yeast extract is used at 1.25%, the significant increase in shrinkage when lactate is employed at 4% by up to 81%, or the increase in fluidity when nitrate is used, among others.
  Keywords: self-healing; yeast-extract; calcium-lactate; calcium-nitrate; mortar; paste.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJMRI.2024.10067054
   
  
• The effect of lateral force distribution patterns on the behaviour of RC frame buildings  
  by Abak Badran, Fadwa Issa, Bassam Hwaiji 
  Abstract: The lateral force distribution pattern (LFDP) used in the seismic design of RC buildings is one of the most important factors influencing the design results. This pattern may lead to large inelastic deformations as it may not represent the real response during exposure to earthquakes, which makes the building behave unexpectedly during the nonlinear stage. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of six lateral force distribution patterns (taken from seismic codes and the literature) on the nonlinear behaviour of three-dimensional concrete frames designed according to the Syrian Arab Code. The study utilised nonlinear static and dynamic analyses using three seismic records [El-Centro (1940), Kobe (1995) and Northridge (1994)] scaled to several intensities (0.25 g, 0.3 g and 0.35 g). The results demonstrated that the code patterns produced satisfactory results for drift ratios and damage during designed earthquakes. However, as the degree of nonlinearity increased, some of the proposed patterns exhibited more uniform distributions of damage and drift ratio compared to the code patterns.
  Keywords: lateral force distribution pattern; seismic design; nonlinear static analysis; nonlinear dynamic analysis.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJMRI.2024.10067144
   
  
• Investigating the effect of varying steel fibre ratios on the compressive and tensile characteristics of SIFCON  
  by Yahya Sayah Shkhair, Muhammad Jawad Kadhim 
  Abstract: Slurry-infiltrated fibre concrete (SIFCON) combines the strengths of conventional concrete and high-performance fibres. It demonstrates exceptional strength, durability and resistance to cracking, making it suitable for diverse construction applications. SIFCONs enhanced mechanical properties, including tensile, flexural, and impact strength, render it ideal for structures requiring high load-bearing capacity and structural integrity. Comprised of cement, fine aggregates, and fibres, SIFCON provides an advanced solution for structures needing high strength, longevity, and crack control. The incorporated fibres arrest crack propagation through the matrix. Experiments have shown considerable improvements in SIFCONs strength with increasing steel fibre content. Compressive strength increased by 293%, split tensile strength by 612%, and direct tensile strength by 415% with steel fibres ranging from 26%. SIFCONs constituent materials, namely cement and fine aggregates, must meet specific physical property and testing standards. SIFCON represents a milestone innovation in construction materials, offering engineers and architects amplified properties compared to conventional concrete.
  Keywords: SIFCON; compressive strength; tensile strength; steel fibre; silica fume; super plasticiser; dog bone test.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJMRI.2024.10067183
   
  
• A study of the administrative water loss in the drinking water network: a case study in the seventh sector in the city of Damascus  
  by Marwa Emad El-Din Abbas, Bassam Farkouh, Mohammed Bashar Al-Mufti 
  Abstract: Water losses have been identified as one of the leading problems common to any water utility in the world. High levels of losses can significantly affect future water resources availability, energy consumption associated to water production and distribution, overall quality of service to customers, water quality levels and operational costs and life of the assets. Depending on their nature, the International Water Association categorises water losses in two components: real losses and apparent losses. Real losses are mainly caused by leakage in pipes, valves, tanks, and other elements in the network. Apparent losses include the volume of water stolen by the users, the measuring errors of the metres and data handling errors. The research includes a study aimed at determining the value of the total water loss in the water network in the seventh sector (the first three avenues of immigrants) in the city of Damascus, by applying an experimental study and determining the percentage of the administrative water loss contribution to the total water loss. The research also provides recommendations on best practices that must be taken into account in order to reduce water loss and conserve it in accordance with the permitted national levels.
  Keywords: unmonitored water; administrative water loss; minimum night flow; MNF; metre category; metre accuracy test; continuous supply; intermittent supply; components of unaccounted-for water.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJMRI.2024.10061363
   
  
• The role of sustainability and quality on the relationship between management practices and risks management in construction industry  
  by Bassam S. Mansour, Janani Selvam, Amiya Bhaumik 
  Abstract: Sustainability in society is largely dependent on the building sector. This research aimed to examine the mediating function of sustainability and quality in the relationship between management practises and risk management in the construction industry in the Gaza Strip. A small sample of 30 forms was used to conduct preliminary research on the questionnaire. Sixty-one factors, broken down into four classes, were found by a survey questionnaire. One-hundred ten questionnaires were distributed and received as follows: 87 (79%) from contractors and consultants as respondents. According to the results, management practises have an effect on quality, sustainability, and risk management; sustainability has an effect on the relationship between management practises and risk management; and quality and sustainability both have effects on risk management. The survey showed that having quality management practices helps to overcome work risks and problems; as well, it helps in providing sustainable work services.
  Keywords: sustainability; total quality management; TQM; risk management; human resources management; construction industry.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJMRI.2023.10056673
   
  
• Influence of gradation on fresh stabilised adobe mixes  
  by Mohd Imran Ahmed, Namratha Bharadwaj, Ashwin M. Joshi, S.M. Basutkar, Ajay Nagaraj 
  Abstract: Adobe is one of the oldest construction materials in use for ages. Soil, as a construction material is the key ingredient of adobe construction wherein, the gradation characteristics, stabiliser type, stabiliser content and moisture content are pivotal to achieve desired properties. In addition, the gradation characteristics specifically the combination of silt and clay along with sand-size particles in appropriate proportions is instrumental in achieving aesthetic finish, in addition to desired engineering properties. This experimental study attempts to evaluate the influence of gradation, fresh and hardened properties for 18 combination of stabilised adobe mixes by modifying the silt (20%-45%) and clay (5%-15%) contents while maintaining a constant stabiliser content (cement 8%). Maximum fresh density was observed when the silt content was in the range of 20%-30% for varying clay proportions and increased clay to silt ratio and clay to sand ratio reduced water absorption in blocks.
  Keywords: adobe; gradation; silt; clay; stabilised adobe; silt/clay ratio; sand/fines ratio.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJMRI.2024.10062260
   
  
• Investigating project internal organisational culture mechanism and impact on construction project success and sustainability  
  by Rana Maya 
  Abstract: It has been established that organisational culture is the primary factor that promotes the growth of the building sector, even though the mechanisms by which organisational internal factors impact the culture in construction are still unknown enough at the project level. The study aimed to investigate the mechanism that projects organisational culture and internal factors have been practiced, and how they are influencing construction project success and sustainability. A multidimensional construct of the project's internal organisational factors was suggested. Semi-structured interviews to investigate organisational culture were conducted with ten project managers who managed diverse construction projects in Syria. As a result, the mechanism of how internal organisational factors affected project performance was presented. The outcomes highlighted the mechanism of adequately handling organisational project internal factors to achieve project success. Thus, experts in the construction can use these results to improve their management practices and increase the project's success and sustainability.
  Keywords: organisational culture; project internal organisational factors; project success; project sustainability.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJMRI.2023.10060657
   
  
• Characterisation of Superpave recycled asphalt mixtures utilising optimum contents of fatty amine-based asphalt additive  
  by Firas Barraj, Ali Hatoum, Joseph J. Assaad, Ghida Alhakim, Jamal Khatib, Yasser Assaf, Adel Elkordi 
  Abstract: This paper investigates the properties of warm asphalt mixtures containing varying levels of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and a novel fatty amine-based asphalt additive. Addressing limitations of warm mix asphalt (WMA) and RAP, the study employs Superpave design and optimal additive content. Dynamic modulus (DM) and flow number (FN) tests assess additive impact on RAP mix behaviour. Results reveal increased creep compliance, lower dynamic and relaxation moduli, and higher rutting susceptibility in warm mixes with RAP. However, they exhibit enhanced resistance to cracking compared to standard and recycled mixes. Notably, phase angle values remain consistent across mixes, except for a significant increase in warm mixes with low and medium RAP content at specific reduced frequencies of 10^-1 and 10^-2 Hz. This research highlights the potential of combining WMA, RAP, and a novel additive to optimise asphalt mixture performance.
  Keywords: linear viscoelastic range; asphalt properties; sustainability; mastercurves method; time-temperature superposition.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJMRI.2024.10061962
   
  
• Risk factors affecting the performance of public works construction projects in developing countries: a case study of Lebanon  
  by Olivia Kalakesh, Walid Shatila, Ali Hatoum 
  Abstract: Construction projects in Lebanon face significant challenges, including poor quality work, cost overruns, and time delays. These issues stem from the insufficient consideration of risk factors during the planning stage, making it crucial to address them for sustainable development in the industry. This research focuses on risk assessment and management as vital components to aid project participants in fulfilling their commitments and fostering sustainability. Conducted in Lebanon, the study involved a questionnaire survey of 25 contractors, 18 consultants, and 12 owners, exploring 52 risk factors grouped into seven categories. Financial risks emerged as the most critical across all groups, while environmental risks ranked the lowest. The study also established significant associations between rankings provided by owners, contractors, and consultants, as well as project types.
  Keywords: risk factors; risk management; risk identification; construction projects; Lebanon.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJMRI.2024.10062479
   
  

Special Issue on: ICCE-2022 Sustainable Solutions for Earthquake-Resistant Materials and Structures Balancing Environmental Impact and Structural Integrity

• Framework to develop mechanistic-empirical pavement design towards sustainable road construction systems in data-scarce areas: Lebanon case study  
  by Ali Hatoum, Jamal Khatib, Firas Barraj, Adel Elkordi 
  Abstract: Pavement performance modelling is a crucial element of pavement management systems, aiding in forecasting maintenance plans. This study focuses on a mechanistic-empirical process for pavement design in Lebanon and investigates the impact of overweight axles on pavement deterioration. Overloading axles significantly affects pavement performance, challenging sustainable development goals. Using KENLAYER software, critical strains were evaluated across pavement sections, assessing rutting and fatigue damage. New models, developed via MATLAB’s regression learner app, establish connections between factors and critical pavement strains. These models streamline data processing, offer improved pavement life assessment, and decrease virgin material usage. Findings reveal that exceeding permissible axle loads by 10% reduces fatigue and rutting lives by 18% and 40%, respectively. Balanced pavement sections are also obtained for various overweight axle loads to achieve equilibrium between fatigue and rutting lives and prevent quick deterioration of the pavement.
  Keywords: fatigue life; mechanistic-empirical; ME; overweight; pavement performance; rutting life; sustainability.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJMRI.2023.10061189
   
  
• Evaluation of the performance of slurry infiltrated fibre concrete slabs exposed to hydrocarbon fire  
  by Anwar S. Abbas, Wisam K. Tuama, Mohammed M. Kadhum, György L. Balázs 
  Abstract: The current work investigates the impact of the scenario, duration, and type of fire load on the behaviour of normal strength concrete (NSC) and slurry infiltrated fibre concrete (SIFCON) slabs. Four groups were moulded and tested before and after exposure to high temperatures. All 800 x 800 x 40 mm slabs were exposed to two types of loads until failure at the age of 56 days before and after being exposed to high temperatures of 927 C and 1,010 C, after 60 and 120 min, respectively. The slabs were exposed to fire from the upper side, lower side, and edges. It was observed that the SIFCON slabs have higher efficient compared to NSC slabs, as the proportions of the residual load-bearing capability of burned SIFCON are greater than those of NSC. The punching and uniform strength resistance decreased by (31.7-39 and 34-50.5)%, respectively, for SIFCON slabs and (47.7 and 52.8)%, respectively, for NSC slabs.
  Keywords: SIFCON slabs; fire; steel fibre; punching strength; uniform load.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJMRI.2024.10061960
   
  
• Numerical investigation and optimisation of a combination of a rubber isolator and steel U-shaped dampers  
  by Dalia Najjar 
  Abstract: Seismic isolation systems with rubber isolators are effective tools to minimise damage of structures subjected to earthquakes. Large displacements in isolators often can lead to instability of the structure due to initiation of overturning moments, and sometimes these systems suffer from problems corresponding to insufficient dissipated energy. Therefore, additional steel devices may be utilised to improve the seismic behaviour of such isolators. This research aims to study multi-criteria optimisation of a rubber isolator equipped with steel U-shaped dampers. Numerical models are proposed using finite element simulation implemented in ABAQUS software. The effect of changing geometric properties of steel dampers on mechanical properties of a rubber isolator is investigated. Based on obtained hysteretic curves of a combination system: isolator and dampers, a comprehensive parametric study is carried out. The results demonstrated that selecting the maximum length of the dampers led to best improvement in the overall efficiency of the combination system.
  Keywords: rubber isolator; steel U-shaped damper; multi criteria optimisation; finite element method; FEM.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJMRI.2024.10062001
   
  
• Development and characterisation of roller compacted concrete by using marble powder: as partial replacement of cement  
  by Muhammad Tausif Arshad, Arslan Azeem, Muhammad Adnan Altaf, Anwar Khitab, Ayub Elahi 
  Abstract: Concrete is the most used construction material nowadays, but it poses environmental hazards due to the emission of CO2 . One sustainable alternative is the partial replacement of cement with marble powder, a byproduct of the marble industry. This study aims to analyse the feasibility of using marble powder from 5%-15% as a substitute for cement in roller compacted concrete. Mechanical as well as durability aspects were investigated. Optimum dosage for mechanical properties was 5% replacement. Durability study revealed that this replacement is not beneficial for acid attack, but it exhibited resistance to freeze thaw and sulphate attack. By partially replacing cement with marble powder (MP), concrete can attain sustainable development and increased strength.
  Keywords: cement; marble powder; roller compacted concrete; RCC; compressive strength; pollution; durability.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJMRI.2024.10062325
   
  
• Prediction of effective strain for near-surface mounted FRP strips in strengthened RC beams using a neuro-fuzzy network  
  by Thara’a Mubarak, Issam Nasser, Bassam Hwaiji 
  Abstract: Experimental and analytical research have shown that the near-surface mounted (NSM) FRP technique is efficient and important in strengthening reinforced concrete (RC) beams. However, determining the effective strain for FRP strips remains a major challenge. In this paper, we investigated the possibility of using intelligent systems to determine the effective strain of FRP strips. For this purpose, we used the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) to predict the effective strain of FRP strips. The proposed model employed variable compression strength of concrete, the bond length of the strengthened strip, and equivalent reinforcement ratio as inputs while the effective strain of FRP strips was the output. We compared the results of the ANFIS model with the experimental results that we collected from published literature using the coefficient of determination (R2) and root-mean-square error (RMSE), the results indicated that the considered neuro-fuzzy model was able to accurately and rapidly predict the effective strain of FRP strips in comparison to the artificial neural network and fuzzy approaches, where R2 = 0.971, RMSE = 0.04757 were achieved with ANFIS while this values did not exceed the (R2 = 0.923, RMSE = 0.07305) for the rest of approaches.
  Keywords: strengthening; FRP; near surface mounted; strips; effective strain; ANFIS.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJMRI.2024.10062367
   
  
• Investigation of efficient practices of construction and demolition waste management  
  by Kaliyaperumal Sugirthamani Anandh, Prasanna Kuchelar, Rahimi A. Rahman, Melwin Joseph, Ramalingam Senthil 
  Abstract: The generation of construction waste is critical due to its adverse environmental impact. This work assesses the construction and demolition waste (CDW) scenario in construction sites of Chennai and Kerala, India. The primary sources of CDW generation are procurement issues, waste handling, improper design, poor management, human factors and a lack of awareness. A mixed method approach analyses the effectiveness and statistically identifies the highly efficient practice of seven best practice measures of CDW. A structural equation model depicts the relationship between waste generation and management practices. The best fit among the factors of CDW is estimated. Proper procurement and design phases are the most efficient best practices observed in the current study. Creating awareness and handling materials are the least efficient practices. The significant findings benefit all stakeholders and policymakers in the construction sector to meet the United Nations sustainable development goal 11: sustainable cities and communities.
  Keywords: construction site waste; waste generation factors; waste management practices; structural equation model; assessment methods.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJMRI.2024.10062532
   
  
• Performance of recycled aggregate concrete containing silica fume at elevated temperatures  
  by Sahil Abbas Zaidi, M. Arsalan Khan, Tabassum Naqvi 
  Abstract: This study is undertaken to address the environmental problems associated with the large-scale concrete production. To prevent the natural stone reserves, 50% of the recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) are used. Since, the cement used in concrete is responsible for huge CO2 emissions, 10% of its weight is replaced by silica fume. Silica fume improves the properties of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) by its excellent filling and pozzolanic properties. The compressive and split-tensile strength of the concrete so formed are investigated at room temperature (20 C) as well as elevated temperatures up to 800 C and compared with a reference concrete mix not containing silica fume. It has been observed that silica fume has a beneficial effect upon the compressive as well as split-tensile strength at all exposure temperatures. With the addition of silica fume, an increment of 3.6-14.9% in compressive strength, and 10.9-22.5% in split-tensile strength is found over a temperature range of 20-800 C.
  Keywords: construction and demolition waste; CDW; recycled aggregate concrete; RAC; recycled concrete aggregate; RCA; recycled aggregate; RA; silica fume; elevated temperatures; sustainable development.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJMRI.2024.10062533
   
  
• The path to sustainable concrete: a unified grading equation for concrete mix design  
  by Soumia Kheira Sebsadji 
  Abstract: In recent years, the cement and construction industries have worked to reduce the cement content in concrete mixes due to increased awareness of the environmental and economic impacts associated with cement production. One effective method for producing low-cement concrete is to optimise the combined grading of the concrete skeleton to achieve the highest packing density. This reduces the volume of voids that need to be filled with cement paste. The present study investigates an innovative equation that consolidates optimal equations commonly used in the optimisation of concrete mixtures. The proposed model aims to streamline the identification of critical properties of the concrete mix, such as aggregate mass ratios, cement content, and interparticle spacing between aggregates. This interparticle spacing is an indicator of the flowability and the mechanical strength of the concrete. This research streamlines concrete mix design for specific properties, minimises reliance on cement, and promotes sustainable, resource-efficient construction practices.
  Keywords: low cement; mix design; optimal grading curve; concrete skeleton; median particle size; aggregate mass fraction; interparticle spacing; mechanical strength; flowability.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJMRI.2024.10062534
   
  
• Performance of RC deep beams containing eco-friendly waste PET aggregate: experimental investigation  
  by James H. Haido, Shireen T. Saadullah, Sundis M.S. Taher, Qahar Mustafa Abdullah, Bashar A. Mahmood 
  Abstract: This study aims to investigate the rheological properties, mechanical strength, and structural behaviour of self-compacting concrete (SCC) deep beams incorporating waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as partial replacement of fine and coarse aggregate. The replacement ratios were set at 10% and 20%. The engineering properties of SCC were examined such as slump flow test, slump flow time (T50cm), J-ring test, V-funnel and L-box test, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength. Additionally, the structural behaviour of the beams was assessed based on load-deflection curves, load-strain relationships, and cracking patterns. The results indicate that a replacement ratio of up to 10% has a minimal impact on the reduction of load-bearing capacity of deep beam. Furthermore, visual examinations were performed to determine the mode of failure. It was found that a certain amount of waste plastic can be used in structural applications without compromising the flexural characteristics of reinforced concrete beams.
  Keywords: self-compacting concrete; SCC; waste polyethylene terephthalate; PET; deep beams; engineering properties.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJMRI.2024.10062677
   
  
• Nonlinear seismic analysis of a reinforced concrete frame building using fibre distributed plasticity element model and fibre hinge model  
  by Rania Al-Ahmar, Mayada Al Ahmad Al Kousa 
  Abstract: Numerical modelling, a useful technique for simulating structural behaviour, is challenging when choosing analytical models for structural elements and nonlinear associated material models. The seismic behaviour of a reinforced concrete frame building designed to withstand earthquake loads is evaluated in the current work using nonlinear static and dynamic analyses. The distributed inelasticity element model, the fibre hinge model, and a combined version of the two prior models are used to simulate the columns and beams of RC frames. These three models are validated using the results of the RC column test while the plastic hinge’s length in fibre models is estimated using empirical equations. The study revealed that the results varied depending on the various analysis techniques, modelling approaches of elements, and plastic hinge lengths. Nonlinear static analysis is shown to be safe and more conservative for evaluating a residential RC frame building whose dynamic response is controlled by the first mode of vibration. Nevertheless, for modelling the frame elements, it is preferred to use the distributed plasticity model or a combination of the distributed plasticity and fibre hinge models.
  Keywords: nonlinear analysis; material models; fibre models; distributed inelasticity; fibre hinge; plastic hinge; combined model; RC column; frame building.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJMRI.2024.10062779
   
  
• The use of friction bearing isolate developed by shape memory alloys wire toward earthquake resistant buildings and more sustainable  
  by Alaa Barmo, Hala Tawfek Hasan, Mayada Al-Ahmad Al-Kousa 
  Abstract: Seismic isolation systems are crucial for buildings to withstand earthquake loads and manage deformations. Shape memory alloys (SMA), like superelastic SMA, offer exceptional self-centring ability and dissipate seismic energy effectively. This study explores the hybrid use of SMA-based triple friction bearings (TFBs) for response control in standalone reinforced concrete structures. Parametric analysis compares the performance of SMA-based TFB systems with traditional TFBs, revealing reduced residual displacement in bearings (9%-17%) without significant increases in drift, displacements, and forces. This effectiveness in decreasing displacement and lateral deformation preserves efficacy and durability, safeguarding superstructures.
  Keywords: seismic isolation; shape memory alloys; SMA; superelasticity; Triple friction bearing; TFB; smart materials.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJMRI.2024.10063011
   
  
• Early warning system in drinking water purification plants for modelling both residual turbidity and aluminium  
  by Ruba Dahham Alsaeed, Bassam Alaji, Mazen Ibrahim 
  Abstract: Environmental decision supporting system (EDSS) was developed in this article using the full-scale purification plant’s data. After reprocessing the data by K-means clustering, the clusters’ results were used to make the three sets of data, for the models; ANN, GA-ANN and GEP to predict residual turbidity, the results were compared. The hybrid genetic-neural model was the best; it gave a smaller network and reduced overfitting. It gave a very good results, RMSE = 0.20 NTU, R = 0.95. In the regard of predicting residual aluminium, a network with 17 neuron in the hidden layer was obtained and gave a result of RMSE = 0.021 mg/L, R = 0.93. At the end, a graphical user interface was generated; by MATLAB software. Based on the best networks gained, in order to make the networks more globalised and easier to be used from different kind of users.
  Keywords: aluminium; clustering; ANN; GA-ANN; EDSSs; residual turbidity; predicting.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJMRI.2024.10063037
   
  
• Non-contact strain measurement of loading-unloading splitting test on concrete  
  by Ismail Bello, George Wardeh, Belen González-Fonteboa, Fernando Martínez-Abella 
  Abstract: The exact modelling of reinforced concrete structures necessitates a thorough control of post-cracking behaviour and the evolution of plastic deformations of concrete during loading-unloading cycles. Conducting a direct tensile test is more complex than the other tests, like the splitting test. This study investigates using the splitting test with digital image correlation (DIC) technique to analyse concrete deformation. By filming and processing images of splitting cylindrical specimens using GOM Correlate software, full stress-strain curves up to failure are obtained. Strain gauges are also employed for comparison. Results are validated against an analytical model, showing good agreement between stress-strain curves from both methods. The study concludes that DIC offers several advantages over conventional methods, including enhanced post-peak data acquisition and the ability to monitor cracks individually, regardless of their location on the surface. This approach improves the understanding of post-cracking behaviour and the evolution of plastic deformation in concrete structures.
  Keywords: concrete; splitting test; digital image correlation; DIC; stress-strain analysis; analytical modelling.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJMRI.2024.10063065
   
  
• Effect of incorporating plant-based natural fibres on the mechanical and durability properties of pastes and mortars  
  by Rawan Ramadan, Hassan Ghanem, Jamal Khatib, Adel Elkordi 
  Abstract: Amidst global concerns over depleting natural and energy resources, waste generation, and gas emissions, sustainability has gained significant traction. Utilising renewable resources such as plant fibres, such as Phragmites australis (PhA), offers an environmentally friendly solution for concrete production. This study investigates the impact of incorporating PhA fibres on the mechanical and durability properties of paste and mortar samples. PhA was added to mixes at varying volumes (02%) with a water to cement (W/C) ratio of 0.55 and sand to cement (S/C) ratio of 2. The stems were processed into 1 cm x 2 mm fibres and treated with 4% NaOH solution. Tests on paste and mortar samples after seven days included chemical shrinkage (CS), drying shrinkage (DS), autogenous shrinkage (AS), expansion (Exp), compressive strength and flexural strength. Results demonstrate that PhA integration effectively reduces shrinkage in both pastes and mortars and modestly enhances compressive and flexural strength. This eco-friendly approach holds potential to mitigate shrinkage and contribute to sustainable construction practices.
  Keywords: Phragmites australis; chemical shrinkage; autogenous shrinkage; drying shrinkage; expansion; compressive strength; flexural strength; correlations.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJMRI.2025.10063751