International Journal of Power and Energy Conversion (35 papers in press)

Regular Issues

• An enhanced power quality BL-SCC converter stationed battery charging scheme  
  by Tanmay Shukla 
  Abstract: This article presents a power quality (PQ) improvement bridgeless-switched canonical cell (BL-SCC) converter-based electrical vehicle battery charging system (EVBCS). The advantages of using the BL-SCC converter for PQ purposes are characterised by the removal of extra inductor, two reverse-feeding diodes (usually used in BL converter topologies), and a simple control scheme. By using BL configuration, the bridge rectifier (BR) phase is eliminated from the system, which also eliminates losses related to BR. In this scheme, the BL-SCC converter operates in discontinuous current conduction (DCC) mode that requires fewer sensors as compared to continuous current conduction (CCC) mode. The BL-SCC converter’s aforementioned advantages make the EVBC system more affordable, small, and efficient. By using a flyback converter, the EVBC system is electrically isolated, meeting safety requirements. Article also includes the BL-SCC converter’s mathematics and thorough stability analysis. BL-SCC converter-based EVBC system’s Simulink outputs have been presented to validate the presented EVBCS.
  Keywords: switched canonical cell; power quality; bridgeless; flyback converter.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJPEC.2024.10066051
   
  
• Implementing $H_infty$ control for two-dimensional systems delayed networks utilizing the observer-based approach under the random access protocol  
  by Hicham Qobbi, Taha Zoulagh, Karina A. Barbosa, Bensalem Boukili, Abdelaziz Hmamed, Norddine Chaibi 
  Abstract: This paper presents an innovative approach to $H_infty$ control of two-dimensional networks with delays, while considering the random access protocol. Two-dimensional networks, commonly utilized in distributed communication and control systems, are susceptible to delays that can lead to stability and performance issues. To mitigate these adverse effects, an observer-based control strategy is developed. This approach involves designing an observer capable of reconstructing the system state in the presence of delays, enabling robust regulation of the network. Furthermore, the $H_infty$ method is employed to ensure stability and minimize disturbance effects. Numerical simulations demonstrate that this approach significantly enhances network performance under the random access protocol, paving the way for more reliable and efficient applications in distributed communication and control systems.
  Keywords: LMI; 2D systems; $H_infty$; random access protocol; RAP.
  
  
• Optimisation of the management of solid radioactive waste converted from Iodine.131 therapy in nuclear medicine  
  by Abdul-Wali Ajlouni, Suha Ahmed Omar, Sultan B. Alghamdi, Naseem F. Assiri, Tahani Almutairi, Hassna N. Bantan, Mashaal AlKhaldi, Adil S. Alsaloom, Naif M. Alqahtani, Omemh Bawazeer 
  Abstract: This paper aims to optimise and enhance the treatment process of the medical radioactive waste package resulting from using the Iodine-131 isotope. An experimental study involving solid medical radioactive waste generated from the nuclear medicine department is collected and stored properly. Surface radioactivity of all radioactive waste packages was measured, one time per week, by Como 170 digital survey meter, in Bq/cm2 unit. The study included 14 waste packages generated from the nuclear medicine department. The main results of this study are: 1) the normalised surface activity of all packages reached 0.64% of the initial normalised surface activity by the end of week 8, i.e., more than 99% of the radioactivity of waste packages decayed within eight weeks. which indicates achieving the value considered within the exemption level by the end of week 8; 2) the highest surface activity of 202 Bq/cm2 , reached the exemption level of 4 Bq/cm2 in day 46. Hence, the time needed theoretically and experimentally equals 6 to 7 weeks, which is just 60% to 78% of 10 half-life period of I-131, or 80 days; 3) a semi-empirical equation is retrieved from the experimental results.
  Keywords: Iodine-131; management of radioactive waste; optimisation; solid radioactive wastes.
  
  
• Enhanced energy management in photovoltaic systems based on microgrids connected distributed generation using hybrid approaches  
  by Amit Kumar Suman 
  Abstract: This research optimises energy management in photovoltaic (PV) systems within microgrids using hybrid approaches. It integrates renewable energy sources, focusing on photovoltaic systems, to address solar power intermittency and improve system reliability. Key components include a dual active full-bridge DC/DC converter for bidirectional voltage conversion and the Artificial Hummingbird Algorithm for optimising PV control systems. The study also introduces a Victron solar charge controller-based iterative feedback tuning approach for effective power regulation. A hybrid scheme combining demand response programs (DRPS) and incline block tariff (IBT) aims to reduce electricity costs by shifting consumption to off-peak periods. This approach manages risk and uncertainty while mitigating rebound peaks. The research utilises solar irradiance forecasting and a multi-objective water drop optimisation (MOWDO) with enhanced flock optimisation algorithm to minimise operating costs and emissions. The findings highlight the proposed method outperforms all other approaches, achieving an impressive accuracy of 98.2%.
  Keywords: photovoltaic systems; microgrids connected distributed generation; hybrid approaches; energy management systems; EMS; battery energy storage and renewable energy systems.
  
  
• Deep learning-based estimation and correction algorithm for synchronisation time error in smart grid  
  by Yiling Liu 
  Abstract: As the core infrastructure of power supply in modern society, the robustness and efficiency of smart grids are crucial for daily operations. Accurate estimation and correction of such errors are crucial. However, traditional methods lack accuracy and robustness. A deep learning model based on a combination of two-dimensional convolutional neural networks and long short-term memory networks (2D-CNN-LSTM) is innovatively proposed for the first time in the estimation and correction of synchronisation time error. This model utilises the spatial feature extraction of 2D-CNN and the time series learning ability of LSTM to improve the accuracy and robustness of synchronisation time error estimation. The results showed that the model achieved the highest accuracy with a 50-length sliding window. The model exhibited resilience, with over 90% accuracy within 5-metre distance. Smart grid’s actual time error overlapped with correction results, validating the model’s effectiveness. The root-mean-square error of the neural networks exhibited a stabilisation without a significant decrease at a lag time step of 6, which is a crucial finding for the stability of the smart grid. The proposed algorithm significantly improves accuracy and aids operational efficiency and safety.
  Keywords: smart grid; deep learning; synchronisation time error; STE; error correction; 2D-CNN-LSTM model.
  
  
• Reconfigurable backstepping control of an interleaved boost converter in photovoltaic systems  
  by Charaabi Asma, Abdelaziz Zaidi, Nadia Zanzouri 
  Abstract: Renewable energy sources need to be reliable to continuously deliver electrical energy, even in the event of faults. In this context, we propose a reconfigurable fault-tolerant control method using backstepping nonlinear control. This system integrates a solar panel with a three-phase interleaved boost converter, focusing on maintaining operation during phase failures. Our control strategy addresses open-circuit converter faults detected by a Luenberger state observer. A binary residual evaluation identifies the faulty converter stage, prompting a phase shift in PWM control signals to mitigate the faulty phases effect. This reconfiguration, coupled with an adjustment in switching frequency, reduces ripple levels and component stress. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink show system recovery within 20 ms, maintaining performance and ripple levels akin to the original structure. The proposed approach efficiently handles faults, ensuring stable operation and swift system recovery.
  Keywords: interleaved boost converter; IBC; backstepping control; BSC; reconfiguration; open-circuit fault.
  
  
• Research design of DC energy metering device based on Hall sensor  
  by Di Zhao, Jing Liu 
  Abstract: In order to meet the demand for statistical analysis of the direct current energy consumption and cost allocation for various users in the iron tower base station, a DC energy metering device based on Hall sensor is designed and studied to measure and monitor the direct current power usage at the iron tower base station. Firstly, the overall design scheme of the DC energy metering device is elaborated. Secondly, the measurement principle of the Hall current sensor is analysed. Finally, the software and hardware design of the device is discussed. The application test results show that the designed metering device achieves a measurement accuracy level of 1, with a total power consumption of less than 2 W, stable performance, and meets the technical specifications of the iron tower base station. It meets the technical development needs for the application of direct current power supply in the communication scenarios of the iron tower base station.
  Keywords: Hall sensor; DC metering; RS485; iron tower base station.
  
  
• Development of an enhanced method for establishing RQR radiation qualities for diagnostic radiology energy according to IEC 61267  
  by Abdelouahab Abarane*, Mustapha Bougteb, Taibi Zidouz, Taibi Abdellatif, Allach Abderrahim, Mounir Mkimel, Mohamed Zaryah, Mohammed Reda Mesradi, Anas Ardouz, Redouane El Baydaoui 
  Abstract: In this manuscript, we present the experimental process of producing and characterising primary beam qualities from RQR2 to RQR10 for general radiography applications, following the guidelines of IEC 61267. An enhanced hybrid iterative method was developed for this purpose. The correction coefficients for the ionisation chamber used in the study have been documented and made available. All experiments were conducted at the LEGX laboratory at the Centre National de lEnergie, des Sciences et des Techniques Nucleaires (CNESTEN) of Morocco, which is equipped with a HOPEWELL Designs X-ray irradiator. The international code of practice establishes guidelines for the first half-value layer (HVL) and homogeneity of the RQR beam series. By comparing the measured values to these specifications, we observed that the deviation in the first HVL ranged from 1.4% to +3%, while the maximum homogeneity deviation was +-2.8%. The estimated uncertainty is approximately 0.26% using k = 2 for RQR beam qualities. These findings indicate that the RQR beam series commissioned by CNESTEN adheres closely to the specifications outlined by the IEC and IAEA. This validates the new hybrid iterative method. The LEGX now has the capability to provide calibration services for radiation detectors frequently utilised in diagnostic radiology applications.
  Keywords: RQR; secondary standard dosimetry laboratory; SSDL; half-value layer; HVL; radiation quality; diagnostic X-ray.
  
  
• Influence of drive train modelling simplification on stability and CCT of a DFIG-integrated power system  
  by D.R. Karthik, Narayan S. Manjarekar, Shashidhara Mecha Kotian 
  Abstract: In this paper, the effect of drive train modelling simplification on the stability as well as the critical clearing time (CCT) of the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-integrated power system is examined. Eigenvalue analysis and time-domain-based simulations are utilized to study the influence of drive train models on stability and CCT. Two different operating conditions, i.e., UPF and non-UPF modes of grid side convereter (GSC) of DFIG are considered for analysis. It is observed that too much simplified drive train model results in overoptimistic stability predictions. Further, an over-simplified drive train model is found to withstand the longer fault duration. The factors contributing to the overoptimistic results are also discussed.
  Keywords: drive train models; doubly fed induction generator; stability analysis; eigenvalue; time-domain simulations; critical clearing time.
  
  
• Comprehensive review on hybrid solar photovoltaic-wind-biomass smart sustainable renewable energy system  
  by Anant Patil, Rajesh Arora, Ranjana Arora, S.N. Sridhara 
  Abstract: An exhaustive analysis of a hybrid solar photovoltaic-wind-biomass intelligent power system is accomplished in this work, emphasising its capacity to deliver consistent and efficient power supply by integrating diverse energy resources. The analysis accentuates the implications of HRES in establishing a sustainable energy infrastructure and delves into the technical and operational aspects of solar photovoltaic, wind, and biomass technologies. The real-time system performance under various environmental conditions and load demands is demonstrated through case studies and several experimental setups. The study insights into various consequences of HRES along with emphasising on the key components influencing their development and attainment. The synergy among solar, wind, and biomass systems, coupled with expansion in energy storage technologies, plays pivotal role in shaping intelligent renewable energy systems efficiently. The study contributes to address sustainable energy concerns besides stimulating innovation and retorted execution towards persistent and ecological future.
  Keywords: hybrid solar photovoltaic-wind-biomass smart system; hybrid renewable energy; energy.
  
  
• A design development for microgrid systems under the multiple-stakeholder-based target-oriented robust-optimisation framework  
  by Gregorio P. Pajaron Jr. 
  Abstract: With the intricate nature of developing an efficient microgrid system, several works in the literature focused on optimising the design of a microgrid system based on the three key aspects, including technical, economic, and environmental aspects. However, the system analysis has been by far specific to a singular aspect of the design optimisation process and has not satisfactorily displayed an overall, comprehensive analysis of the design. Therefore, to advance this significant limitation in the literature, this paper provides a novel perspective of designing microgrid systems with respect to achieving the technical, economic, and environmental goals of decision-makers at the same time. In order to carry out this objective, the paper utilised multiple-stakeholder-based target-oriented robust-optimisation (MS-TORO) framework and results pointed out to integrating diesel generators and wind turbine generator to come up with an efficient microgrid system with respect to the above goals.
  Keywords: microgrid; MS-TORO approach; design components; electrical energy.
  
  
• Assessment of the electrical parameters in silicon/Nickel-63 betavoltaic battery through the MCNP Code  
  by Shahryar Malekie, Suffian Mohamad Tajudin 
  Abstract: In this work, simulation was conducted to study the transport of beta particles of Nickel-63 in silicon, using the MCNP code at different energy levels, namely monoenergetic average energy at 17.4 keV, monoenergetic maximum energy at 66.9 keV, and general spectrum energy. Energy deposition was assessed at various depths and energy levels in silicon using the MCNP code. Then, electron-hole pair generation rate was obtained. Subsequently, the output performances of the battery including short-circuit current (Isc), open-circuit voltage (Voc), fill factor (FF), maximum electrical power (Pmax), and efficiency (?) were calculated. Results showed that Isc depends on various parameters including, activity of the source, energy deposition in the semiconductor, and minority carrier diffusion length. It was observed that an increase in the diffusion length resulted in a higher accumulation of energy deposition. Finally, results of this study were compared to other findings, in which exhibited a good correlation.
  Keywords: betavoltaic battery; silicon; Nickel-63; electrical parameters; MCNP code.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJPEC.2024.10068287
   
  
• Effect on the full peak efficiency of HPGe detectors against different sample densities  
  by Islam M. Nabil, Omar Abu Bakr, Y. Mohamed, K.M. El-Kourghly, Yasser Y. Ebaid, W. El-Gammal 
  Abstract: The study aims to investigate the density effect on the full energy peak efficiency (FEPE) of five identical certified standard volume sources of the same geometry, radioisotopes, and activity but having different densities (0.71.6 g.cm-3) experimentally using a P-type HPGe detector of 100% relative efficiency and theoretically using ANGLE software. The count rate of -energy lines of the -sources 137Cs and 60Co were measured experimentally. Four methods were used to discuss the density effect of these sources on the full energy peak efficiency by showing the FEPE deviation percentages between the calculated and certified sample-specific activities. The methods showed that while ignoring the density of the source, the FEPE deviation percentages were very high , with an average of 14.025%. Considering the sources density using either ANGLE-3 software or relative methods, the FEPE deviation percentages were very low, with acceptable averages of 2.13%.
  Keywords: Gamma spectrometry; HPGe detectors; full energy peak efficiency; FEPE; density effect; ANGLE-3.
  
  
• Smart grid power demand and supply scheduling to preserve energy wastage using machine learning technique  
  by Jitendra Managre, Namit Gupta 
  Abstract: At present the demand for electrical energy is growing continuously because of the increasing population with their need for electricity. Additionally, to fulfil this need more and more power is being generated by using different energy generation resources. However, it is currently sufficient for our needs but shortly, we need to advance our ways of power generation and management. By the influence of this complexity, this paper is motivated to design and develop a deep learning model-assisted intelligent power demand and supply management system. In this context, two main types of power consumers are assumed and then the subcategories of consumers have been defined. Here, for each power consumption behaviour, a neural network model has been trained and future power demand has been predicted. Further, the predicted power demand is converted into the required amount of power supply. Based on power demand and supply consequences of 33 hours, the experimental results have been measured in terms of hit and miss ratio. Based on the experimental results the proposed model has provided an 87.5% hit ratio for best case and 62.5% hit ratio for worst case scenarios.
  Keywords: smart grid; machine learning; power demand; consumer profile; convolutional neural network; CNN; internet of things; IoT; mean square error; MSE.
  
  
• Evaluation of photon energy shielding and mechanical properties of concrete mixtures based on Tunisian barite: simulation and experimental findings  
  by Khaled Saidani, Kaouther Bergaoui, Lassaad Ajam, Nafaa Reguigui, Brahim El Azzaoui, Ouadie Kabach 
  Abstract: This study investigates the potential of barite (BaSO4) as a partial or total replacement for sand in concrete, aimed at enhancing its shielding properties against gamma radiation. Concrete samples with barite contents ranging from 0% to 25% were prepared and exposed to gamma rays from two sources: 60Co (1.173 MeV and 1.332 MeV) and 137Cs (0.662 MeV). Both experimental measurements and simulations using the MCNP Monte Carlo code were employed to estimate dose rates upstream and downstream the samples, enabling the evaluation of concrete’s attenuation properties. The results indicate that the linear attenuation coefficient increased with barite content and varied depending on the gamma-ray energy. A barite-enhanced concrete mixture exhibited an 8% improvement in shielding efficiency, while all mixtures achieved a minimum compressive strength of 25 MPa. An empirical formula was developed to predict the shielding effectiveness of barite concrete, which was compared to existing literature.
  Keywords: compressive strength; concrete shielding; barite; gamma-ray attenuation; MCNP.
  
  
• SMC-based power/voltage droop control in stand-alone DC microgrids  
  by Mehdi Allagui, Mohamed Abbes 
  Abstract: Most current droop control methods for DC microgrids are based on the voltage/current mode or the current/voltage mode. In this paper, an efficient droop controller for a stand-alone DC microgrid based on the Power/Voltage mode is proposed. Droop control is a multi-terminal control strategy, that is, several production units share the task of controlling the voltage value of the principal line of the microgrid. In this work, the generation unit equipped with droop control is assumed to be an inverting buck-boost (IBB) converter powered by a PV array. The sliding mode technique is adopted to manage the generated power as function of the voltage measured at the point where the converter is connected to the microgrid. The controller design is detailed through this manuscript considering a nonlinear averaged model which simulates the behaviour of the Buck-Boost converter. In addition, in order to reduce the number of the used sensors, the current through the filtering inductor of the DC-DC converter was estimated on the basis of a sliding mode observer. Finally, an experimental set-up was developed based on the IBB converter and the STM 32 control board with the aim of proving the proper operation of the proposed droop controller.
  Keywords: droop control; DC microgrid; inverting buck/boost converter; photovoltaic system; sliding mode controller.
  
  
• Frequency and voltage support for GFLI connected to weak grid using current compensation based on virtual inductance  
  by A.U. Lawan, Inuwa Barau Inuwa, Ahamad Shehu Timta 
  Abstract: Grid following inverters (GFLIs) are one of the devices required to generate electrical power from the IBR. GFLI system mostly used conventional proportional integral vector current control to an energised grid based on the required grid code. However, when connected to weak grid, the conventional control fails to adapt to grid variations, which leads to poor filtering and control of the ripples in the D.C which leads to instability and cascading effect of other control loops signals. To mitigate the effects and enhanced the adaptability of the GFLI under weak grid, the work proposes a simple and cost-effective technique of compensation current based on virtual inductance which provide frequency and voltage support to the system. Simulation and stability analysis using MATLAB/Simulink shows that the GFLI adapt the grid variations, thus it becomes stable even under weak grid without addition of extra hardware for compensation and variation mitigation.
  Keywords: IBR; grid following inverter; GFLI; weak grid; grid variation; virtual inductance; compensation currents.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJPEC.2024.10068172
   
  
• Enhancement of solar/fuel cell hybrid energy system performance  
  by Premendra Janardan Bansod, A. Purna Chandra Rao, T. Annamalai, N. Govindha Rasu, P. Geetha, R. Venkatesh 
  Abstract: Providing clean energy, fuel cells are an ecologically beneficial alternative to fossil fuels that may be used in transportation. The battery serves as a form of energy storage, which enables the fuel cell power to be regulated and maintained at levels that are acceptable. With the introduction of a power management approach that is both innovative and optimal for hybrid electric energy supply systems, there is the potential to make a significant contribution to the development of renewable forms of energy. According to the results, there has been an improvement in the quality of the power that is generated, as well as an increase in the energy efficiency and the lifetime of fuel cells. Due to the fact that just six PEMFC functioning points were changed during the power supply method that lasted for 1,200 seconds and used the strategy that was indicated.
  Keywords: renewable energies; hybrid systems; power management; fuel cell.
  
  
• Innovative approach to improve radiation exposure management in radiology practices at Moroccan healthcare institutions  
  by Lhoucine Ben Youssef, Abdelmajid Bybi, Hilal Drissi, El Ayachi Chater, Abdellah Halimi 
  Abstract: This study examines the implementation of an integrated X-ray dose archiving and analysis system in Moroccan healthcare, with the dual objective of limiting absorbed X-ray doses for healthcare professionals and optimising doses for patients during radiology examination. Emphasising the ALARA principle, minimising radiation exposure while maintaining diagnostic accuracy. The research highlights advancements in dose-reduction algorithms and real-time monitoring systems. An empirical investigation conducted across various healthcare institutions, involving a survey of 1,000 healthcare professionals, reveals significant challenges, including inadequate dose tracking, regulatory non-compliance, and insufficient radiation protection training. The findings indicate that 10% of patients received doses exceeding 5 grey, underscoring the urgent need for improved dose management strategies. The article proposes a strategic implementation framework for Moroccan hospitals, involving comprehensive needs assessment, infrastructure enhancement, and stakeholder collaboration.
  Keywords: X-ray dose management; dose monitoring; radiation protection; radiology practice; healthcare professionals; diagnostic accuracy; regulatory compliance; patient safety; ALARA principle; Moroccan healthcare.
  
  
• Design of 37 kW switched reluctance motor and torque ripple reduction with DTC for electric vehicle  
  by C.N. Lakshmiprasad, L. Ashok Kumar, Y. Uma Maheswari 
  Abstract: The world aims net-zero carbon emissions by 2050 that has led to the rise of electric vehicles driven by high speed motors for traction applications. The permanent magnet machines are found to be popular among the traction segment. The rare earth metals are costly and the supply chain issues create the need for non-magnetic motors like switched reluctance motor (SRM). The SRM is best suitable for high speed applications because of its simple construction and robust structure. With advancement in analytical tools and finite element method (FEM) analysis, 8/6 SRM is designed using RMXprt and validated by FEM through ANSYS MAXWELL 2D for 37 kW configuration suitable for SUV, sedan type vehicles. The design considerations are as per the IEC standards for efficiency class IE3 and standard motor frame size. The direct torque control (DTC) method is adopted using MATLAB Simulink to reduce the torque ripples.
  Keywords: switched reluctance motor; SRM; electric vehicle; ANSYS; torque ripple; direct torque control; DTC.
  
  
• Analysis of graphene perovskite solar cells using SCAPS-1D  
  by Mohamed El Masfioui, Saida Bahsine, Mohammed M. Shabat, Abderrahim Elbiyaali, Fatima Lmai, Fatimaezzahrae Allali 
  Abstract: In this study, we introduce a solar cell reconstruction using copper-graphene-perovskite sulphur as active materials, harnessing the exceptional properties of graphene. Through meticulous analysis with the solar cell capacitance simulator (SCAPS-1D), we explored the influence of the perovskite layers thickness on overall performance. Optimising the layer at 0.7 um thickness and a 1.5 eV band gap yielded remarkable efficiency at 20.75%. The optimised cell displayed a fill factor (FF) of 85.77%, short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 28.35 mA/cm2, and open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.90 V. These findings highlight the significance of CZTSSe as a vital p-type semiconductor, advancing solar energy through perovskite absorbers. This research represents a pivotal step towards efficient and sustainable solar cell technology, offering a promising pathway to a greener, more energy-efficient future.
  Keywords: perovskite (CH3NH3PbI3) performance; solar cells; SCAPS-1D; grapheme; simulation; TiO2.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJPEC.2024.10068306
   
  
• Design of performance evaluation system for electrochemical energy storage power plants based on NSGA-II  
  by Jiasheng Wu, Chao Dong, Bangjin Liu, Zheng Weng, Junyu Zhu 
  Abstract: Energy storage power stations can ensure the stability of wind and photovoltaic distribution networks, but the evaluation algorithms for measuring their reliability and economy are not comprehensive. The study proposes a performance evaluation system for electrochemical energy storage power plants based on an improved non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm. The experiment showed that compared with multi-objective particle algorithm and second-generation strength Pareto evolutionary algorithm, the research method had a better global optimisation level. The algorithm has been improved to increase its running and convergence speed by 35 times. An evaluation of the economic and reliability of the distribution network for a specific energy storage power station has been conducted. The annual return rates considering economy, reliability, and comprehensive coordinated investment were 13.05%, 9.05%, and 10.35%, respectively. This algorithm shows good reference value in terms of economic cost and technical reliability.
  Keywords: NSGA-II; multi objective; performance evaluation; economy; reliability.
  
  
• Performance enhancement of nano embedded phase change materials for thermal energy storage applications  
  by D. Venkatesan, M.R. Manu, A. Purna Chandra Rao, R. RadhaKrishnan, I. Kumaraswamy 
  Abstract: Thermal energy storage systems that make use of phase change materials (PCMs) are considered to be a promising option among the many different methods of renewable energy. The area of applications for PCMs has increased as a consequence of the fact that the energy that is generated as a result of the difference in isotherm is stored in PCMs and then used under peak load situations. There were limitations placed on the commercialisation and efficient utilisation of latent thermal energy storage systems (LTES) due to the fact that the PCM had a poorer thermal conductivity and a slower rate of heat transfer. Despite the fact that these system features were present, this was the exact situation that occurred. The novelty of the proposed system is to enhance the thermal characteristics of basic PCM. It is accomplished by the incorporation of nanomaterials such as copper titania, graphene oxide, and copper oxide. For the liquid phase, thermal conductivity was increased by about 97.7%, and for the solid phase, by about 102.2%. It was discovered that there was a 64% and a 52% increase in specific heat capacity for the liquid and solid phases, respectively.
  Keywords: thermal energy storage; phase change materials; Cu-TiO2 setup and testing; element.
  
  
• Towards a comparative study of the mechanical properties of innovative materials for wind turbines  
  by Hamza Outar, Hamza Ennadafy, Mustapha Jammoukh, Mohamed El Khaili 
  Abstract: The use of composite materials is necessary in the manufacture of wind turbine blades capable of withstanding fatigue and aerodynamic stresses. Conventional composites, made of glass fibers and synthetic resins, have a significant environmental impact. Our study explores the use of innovative, sustainable biomaterial composites, promoting recycling and environmental protection. We first applied numerical simulations to model the mechanical characteristics of composite materials often used in the construction of wind turbine blades. Next, a comparative study was carried out with a bio-sourced material using the finite element method. The results showed that our bio-composite had similar, if not superior, mechanical properties to conventional materials, especially higher flexural strength and lower density. To confirm these results, we carried out a simulated bending test on the most elastic parts of the blades. The simulation was carried out using ABAQUS software. The results show a linear relationship between applied load and blade deformation, but a more pronounced deformation at the blade tip due to the reduced density and lesser thickness.
  Keywords: wind energy; sustainable development; bio composites; digital simulation.
  
  
• A wearable glove model with custom PCB implementation for Malaysian Sign Language recognition  
  by Zinah Raad Saeed, Zurinahni Binti Zainol, Ibrahim Ismael Alnaib, Karam Khairullah Mohammed 
  Abstract: An important means of communication for those with hearing loss is sign language. However, the limited prevalence of sign language knowledge in society leads to a communication gap within the deaf and hard-of-hearing community. Developing glove-based interaction devices was prohibitively expensive and fraught with technical issues, notably the need for users to wear cumbersome gloves with numerous internal components, resulting in discomfort and restricted hand movement. To capture finger and hand movements, this paper initially designed an inexpensive and effective data glove with fewer wiring connections and a custom printed circuit board (PCB). Secondly, a novel dataset was collected comprising twenty dynamic Malaysian Sign Language recognition (MSL) words used in daily life. The hybrid CNN-LSTM algorithm was implemented, CNN was utilised for deep feature extraction, and LSTM was used for recognising Malaysian dynamic sign language. In contrast, the results illustrated the effectiveness of the CNN-LSTM method in recognising Malaysian dynamic sign language, paving the way for advancements in gesture recognition technology and benefiting a wide range of human-computer interaction and assistive applications.
  Keywords: printed circuit board; PCB; glove; sensors; sign language; conventional neural network; CNN; long short-term memory network; LSTM.
  
  
• Recent developments in the synthesis and conversion of nanomaterials for nanoencapsulation: techniques, applications, and prospects  
  by Mohamed Jghaoui, Khalil Azzaoui, Hamid Amsil, Abdessamad Didi, Belkheir Hammouti, Larbi Rhazi, Solhe F. Alshahateet, Salah A. Al-Trawneh, Rakan M. Altarawneh, Aleksandar Széchenyi, Mustafa Taleb, Rachid Sabbahi 
  Abstract: Nanoencapsulation involves entrapping bioactive compounds, such as nutrients or food additives, within nano-sized delivery systems. This technology offers numerous advantages, including enhanced stability and bioavailability of encapsulated materials, controlled release properties, catalysts for energy production, energy insulation and conservation, improvement of batteries, solar energy conversion, storage energy, and the ability to mask undesirable flavours or odours. Given these benefits, nanoencapsulation has become increasingly crucial for encapsulating various bioactive food constituents in the food industry. These review paper overviews the critical materials utilised for nanoencapsulation, including biopolymers, synthetic polymers, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and biominerals. We mainly focus on MOFs, an emerging class of nanocarriers known for their high porosity, tunable structures, and versatile functionalities. The synthesis and physicochemical properties of MOFs that make them well-suited for nanoencapsulation applications are discussed. Additionally, this review highlights current and prospective applications of nanoencapsulation across sectors like foods, cosmetics, biotechnology, and energy storage. Overall, this comprehensive assessment underscores the critical role of nanoencapsulation in preserving bioactive components while presenting opportunities to enhance product functionality through controlled delivery.
  Keywords: nanoencapsulation; nanocarriers; metal-organic frameworks; MOFs; nanotechnology; bioactive compounds; biominerals; nanoparticles; energy storage.
  
  
• Stable reduced order modelling of higher-order bidirectional DC-DC converters for electric vehicle applications  
  by Veerpratap Meena 
  Abstract: The bidirectional DC-DC converter acts as a boost converter in forward mode, while in reverse mode, it operates as a buck converter. This article depicts a bidirectional DC-DC converter using the state space averaging technique. Then, the transfer function in terms of the output-to-duty ratio of the converter model is obtained. The order of the obtained transfer function of the bidirectional DC-DC converter in buck mode and boost mode is five. These fifth-order converter systems are reduced to first- and second-order models. This reduction is accomplished by using Routh-Pade approximation. The prime advantage of using this order reduction approach is that a stable model can be obtained for a fifth-order DC-DC bidirectional converter. The step response, error response, and Bode response support the presented first- and second-order DC-DC bidirectional converter models. The tabulated comparison, which incorporates time domain specifications and error indices, is also presented.
  Keywords: electric vehicles; bidirectional converter; higher order; switching; parameter design; small signal modelling; order reduction; controller design.
  
  
• Natural radioactivity and hazard risk assessment in soil from gold mines, Sudan using Gamma spectrometry  
  by Minas E. Ahmed, Hamid Bounouira, Mohamed A. Abbo, Hamid Amsil, Abdessamad Didi, Iliasse Aarab, Abdelwahab Badague, Sanaa Said 
  Abstract: This study examines radiation protection in gold mining locations in Sudan by analysing natural radionuclides (226Ra, 232Th, and 40K), and the anthropogenic 137Cs in soil. The activity concentrations ranged from 160.20 +- 34.53 Bq/kg to 932.07 +- 59.90 Bq/kg (40K), 8.78 +- 2.39 Bq/kg to 42.21 +- 10.19 Bq/kg (226Ra), 10.73 +- 4.90 to 38.03 +- 17.17 Bq/kg (232Th) and 0.28 +- 0.13 to 3.22 +- 1.22 Bq/kg (137Cs). Radiological risk indicators, including absorbed dose rate, radium equivalent activity (Raeq), and external and internal hazard indices, were computed to assess potential health risks. Raeq values within international safety limits and the radiation dose was <1 mSv/year, indicating an insignificant effect on public health. However, sites with higher radionuclide concentrations posed relatively elevated radiological risks, emphasising the need for continuous monitoring. The findings align with regional and global studies, suggesting a low to moderate radiological risk in these mining areas.
  Keywords: soil; gold-mining; gamma-spectrometry; natural occurring radioactive materials; environmental hazard.
  
  
• Improved results on stability for time-delay descriptor systems  
  by Driss El-Jimi, Noreddine Chaibi, Ismail Boumhidi, Mohammed Charqi 
  Abstract: We address the intricate issue of delay-dependent admissibility in descriptor time-delay systems. By employing the powerful generalised integral inequality method and introducing some slack variables, we present a suitable Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional to formulate novel delay-dependent criteria. These criteria not only guarantee the system's regularity and absence of impulses but also establish its stability, all achieved through the utilisation of linear matrix inequalities. To validate the effectiveness of the derived results and facilitate comparison with prior investigations, a numerical example is presented. Through this example, we illustrate the effectiveness and superiority of our proposed criteria over existing studies.
  Keywords: descriptor systems; stability; time-delay; linear matrix inequalities; LMIs.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJPEC.2025.10069403
   
  
• An energy aware AVAO algorithm-based optimal task allocation scheme for multi-core systems  
  by P.R. Mohanan, Mariamma Chacko 
  Abstract: Dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) is crucial for optimising multicore system functionality, as modern computing system must consider energy efficiency due to increasing power demands and environmental concerns. Rapid increase in mobile embedded systems necessitates a more comprehensive optimisation of power-saving capabilities, beyond DVFS directly. This paper proposes an energy aware DVFS enabled meta-heuristic algorithm which is a combination of African vulture optimisation algorithm (AVOA) and Aquila optimisation algorithm (AOA), to optimise task allocation in multicore environments. The suggested model is executed via MATLAB, it addresses energy consumption, temperature deviations and make span of multicore systems. The proposed model can save an average power of 28.15% and 64% make span. According to the simulation results, hybrid model AVAO outperforms existing models compared.
  Keywords: task scheduling; dynamic voltage and frequency scaling; DVFS; multi-core systems; energy consumption; African vulture optimisation algorithm; AVOA; Aquila optimisation algorithm; AOA.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJPEC.2024.10065808
   
  
• Reliability assessment of Fresnel lens under UV light for concentrated photovoltaic applications in Saudi Arabia  
  by Fahad Al-Alweet, Fawaz S. Al Hadlaq, Fawwaz A. Alkhaldi, Mohamed Sabry, Effat A. Rashed, Abdul-Wali Ajlouni 
  Abstract: Reliability testing is an important part of the life cycle of any product. Before launching a product for public use, it is very important to perform a reliability test under severe conditions. A concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) plant consists of many components that undergo hours of accelerated testing before making their way to the market. A typical refractive CPV module consists of a Fresnel lens, a secondary optical element (SOE), and a solar cell. The Fresnel lens collects light and focuses it onto the solar cell through SOE. Continuous operation in sunlight has deteriorating effects on the lens and all the components inside the module. The Fresnel lens must be tested for reliable performance in ultraviolet light and other weather conditions like rain, hails, wind, sand, etc. The purpose of this research is to observe and analyse the effect of ultraviolet rays with different intensities on the poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) Fresnel lens that is used frequently in refractive CPV designs. UV radiation causes photolysis in PMMA and hence breaks down large PMMA chains into smaller MMA monomers. Hence, the transmissivity dropped by 6% on average by the end of 50 kWh/m². This is because of increased yellowness, and the efficiency dropped depending on how much light is converted by the CPV.
  Keywords: reliability testing; Fresnel lens; concentrated photovoltaic; CPV; ultra-violet.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJPEC.2025.10069402
   
  
• Enhancing photovoltaic power efficiency: a comparative analysis of unprotected, anti-dust coated, and IoT-enabled automatic cleaning systems in solar energy conversion  
  by Abed Oubari, Khalid Nouneh, Elmehdi Hamzaoui, Hafid Amayoud, Khalid Fathi 
  Abstract: Solar panel efficiency can be affected by various factors, including dust. In this study, we compared the efficiency of three solar panels over a period of three months. One panel (PV1) is cleaned daily using an intelligent automatic IoT-based system that protects it from natural threats such as high temperatures, humidity, dust, and bird droppings. Another panel (PV2) is coated with a commercial anti-dust coating, while the third one (PV3) is unprotected and used as a reference. Data on current, voltage, solar radiation, temperature, and humidity are collected using an electronic board based on ESP32. Data are recorded on Google Sheets. Among the three panels, PV3 has experienced a 15.38% loss in efficiency, while PV2 has undergone a 7.91% decrease. However, the efficiency of PV1 has decreased by 5.24%. The intelligent cleaning system uses 1.92 litres of water per month and needs 35 Wh daily to perform the cleaning operation.
  Keywords: anti-soiling coating; energy conversion; ESP32; IoT automatic cleaning; photovoltaic efficiency; solar panel.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJPEC.2025.10069407
   
  
• Empowering IOT devices with solar wind databases and decentralised data storage  
  by M. Abdul Rahuman Harris, Appandairaj Ponraj, S. Abdul Mannan 
  Abstract: The dynamic growth on industrial, commercial, healthcare and financial sector revolution in the world needs high-end reliable storage for their huge secured data to be stored in a strong room manner. Decentralised storage or block chain network could solve the issues to the major extend and protects the important data of an organisation or individual. The greatest advantage of this network evolution is that the data is stored across multiple locations with high-end encryption. The system protects the data by implementing strong encryption algorithms that makes infinite challenge to the unauthorised users accessing or tampering the information. The proposed work emphasise the above in a real-time application in the field renewable power generation using wind/solar installed on a remote location in higher numbers and its data acquiring system, processing, computing, communicating through IoT to a decentralised storage for the security.
  Keywords: InterPlanetary File System; IPFS; internet of things; IoT; embedded micro; EMC; controller; Rivest-Shamir-Adelman; RSA; advanced encryption standard; AES; embedded micro controller; EMC.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJPEC.2025.10069410
   
  
• Extended analysis of modified voltage sensor-based type-2 fuzzy logic controller for drift avoidance under uncertain weather conditions  
  by Divyanshi Srivastava, Navdeep Singh 
  Abstract: This paper presents a single voltage sensor based type-2 fuzzy logic controller (T-2 FLC) to improve the steady state efficiency and drift-free tracking of maximum power point for PV systems. This modified technique involved a computational unadorned single sensor variant-based objective function under uncertain weather conditions. The existing sensor reduction tracking technique fails to address the issue of ad-hoc tunable parameters, negotiation between steady state and dynamic requirements, and drift conditions. In this technique, a single sensor based objective function is used as an error for T-2 FLC. T-2 FLC offers superior capability for handling uncertainty. The modified technique exhibits minimal settling time (0.0089 sec), low oscillations (less than 5%), and higher efficiency (99.13%) compared to conventional and drift free tracking techniques. Additionally, comparative results between the modified technique and type-1 FLC-based technique indicate that the modified technique yields superior outcomes as compared to type-1 FLC.
  Keywords: perturb and observe; P&O; type-2 fuzzy logic controller; T-2 FLC; single voltage sensor; SVS; SVS-based algorithm; drift phenomenon; DC-DC boost converter.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJPEC.2025.10069406
   
  
• Hybrid renewable energy storage system using modified power management strategies in standalone microgrid  
  by Gowri Shankar, V.M. Varatharaju, Sendil Kumar Subramanian, B. Sathyabhama 
  Abstract: The utilisation of renewable power sources has been more common as a dependable and clean energy source. Two possible alternative sources of energy include renewable energy sources, such as solar energy and wind energy. The audit para monitoring system (APMS) and the versatile energy spectral algorithm (VESA) control based hybrid system that has been discussed have been built with the support of the MATLAB simulation 2017b software. These characteristics include switching losses, electromagnetic interference, efficiency, power factor, and total harmonic distortion. In the proposed system, the average voltage may be generated with a total harmonic distortion (THD) of 4.73% and a switching loss of 3.8%. The proposed VESA was able to produce outcomes that were better. A total harmonic distortion (THD) of 4.09% and a switching loss of around 3.5% are both characteristics of the voltage that it generates.
  Keywords: electricity sector modelling; energy storage system; ESS; hybrid renewable.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJPEC.2025.10069409