International Journal of Power Electronics (11 papers in press)

Regular Issues

• Validation of current source inverter with lesser input inductor for grid integrated photovoltaic system  
  by Esther Jennifer Isaac, Mini Rajeev 
  Abstract: In small scale applications, single phase Current Source Inverter (CSI) is a viable choice, if the input inductor size is reduced without affecting its performance parameters. In this paper, simulation and implementation of a modified CSI structure that uses a smaller input inductor is presented. CSI is controlled for injecting active power into the grid with good waveform quality, utilising d-q transformation theory. Design is verified through simulation and by implementing a prototype constructed in the laboratory. Dynamic performance of the prototype in closed loop is verified by varying the reference current. Both simulation and hardware results are presented. Additionally, a mathematical model of power loss including effects of current ripple is derived for modified and conventional CSI, thereby proving the superiority of the modified CSI.
  Keywords: current source inverter; grid-PV interface; harmonic distortion; inverter; losses; sinusoidal pulse width modulation; SPWM.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJPELEC.2026.10071507
   
  
• Design of optimised dynamic PID sliding mode controller for PMSM in hybrid electric vehicle  
  by Sangeeta Singh, Bhanu Pratap 
  Abstract: SMC has seen significant expansion since the advent of DSMC in the last decade. This innovation overcomes limitations in scalar control systems, such as restrictions at low speeds and poor dynamic response from direct torque control approaches. Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) is a traditional methodology integrated for efficient parameter selection in sliding control. However, chattering is a significant problem with classic SMC techniques, negatively affecting system performance. This study proposes an improved method for better position tracking control with reduced overshoot and faster response time, combining SMC with a PID sliding surface. A fuzzy-optimised controller is presented for fine-tuning PID parameters, leading to a better selection of gain constants for speed control in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSMs). The Dynamic FLC-PID sliding mode controller (DFLC-PID) creates an ideal sliding surface in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). This results in an improved DSMC that lowers chattering, improving system robustness and performance.
  Keywords: dynamic sliding mode control; DSMC; particle swarm optimisation; PSO; PID controller; electric vehicles; EVs; permanent magnet synchronous motors; PMSM; fuzzy-optimised controller.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJPELEC.2026.10071656
   
  
• Fault detection methods for voltage source converters based on state characterisation and gap-metric  
  by Chu-jia Guo, Yan Hong, Zhe Kou 
  Abstract: To ensure the operational reliability and fault-tolerance accuracy of voltage source converter (VSC), this paper proposes a diagnostic method for fault clustering and quantitative description. This method aims to achieve both fault classification and quantitative diagnosis of VSC systems. First, the state space model of the VSC system is established, and a Kalman filter is designed for state estimation to achieve the current. Second, fault clustering is accomplished by highlighting the fault characteristics of sensor faults, internal system component faults, and transistor faults through the deviation between actual values and predicted values getting from the Kalman filter. Thirdly, sensor faults and internal system component faults are quantified using data-driven gap metric to continuously characterise the degree of faults. Finally, the proposed method is applied on a three-phase inverter experimental platform. The experimental results demonstrate that the method proposed in this paper can effectively highlight VSC fault information and provide quantitative fault detection results.
  Keywords: fault detection; voltage source converter; VSC; Kalman filter; data-driven gap metric.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJPELEC.2026.10072609
   
  
• Transforming cyber security in modern power grids: the synergistic application of complex recurrent spectral network to address vulnerabilities and ensure resilience  
  by Lalit Kumar Wadhwa, Prasad Baban Dhore, Atul B. Kathole, Vinod V. Kimbahune, Pooja A. Bagane, Amita Sanjiv Mirge 
  Abstract: This paper proposes transforming cyber security in modern power grids through the synergistic application of complex recurrent spectral network to address vulnerabilities and ensure resilience (TCS-MPG-CRSN) to address cyber threats in power grids. It utilises an adaptive two-stage unscented Kalman filter (ATSUKF) for data quality assessment, cleaning, and normalisation. The pre-processed data is fed into the complex recurrent spectral network (CRSN) for identifying and classifying cyber-attacks. The TCS-MPG-CRSN model was implemented in Python achieved, 20.77%, 34.55%, and 26.11% higher accuracy, 33.47%, 24.55%, and 22.18% higher precision, and 19.22%, 14.39%, and 24.66% higher recall compared to cyber-security in power systems using meta-heuristic and deep learning algorithms (CS-PS-ANN), classification of intrusion cyber-attacks in smart power grids using deep ensemble learning with metaheuristic-based optimisation (ICA-SPG-GWO), and attack graph model for cyber-physical power systems using hybrid deep learning (AGM-CPPS-DCNN).
  Keywords: adaptive two-stage unscented Kalman filter; complex recurrent spectral network; cyber-attack; smart grid; cyber security; modern power grids; attack classification.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJPELEC.2026.10072792
   
  
• Enhancing power quality in hybrid renewables with UPQC-FOPID control  
  by N. Bharat Mohan , B. Rajagopal , D. Hari Krishna  
  Abstract: This work proposes an intelligent control technique for grid-connected hybrid power systems with SPV, wind turbines, and battery storage, with the goal of enhancing power quality. The Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) employs a Sand Cat Swarm-based Dwarf Mongoose (SCS-DM) based FOPID controller to adjust for PQ issues, such as sag, swell, interruptions, real power, reactive power, and Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) reductions connected to voltage/current through the use of series and shunt filter control methods. The Fractional order proportional Integral Derivative Controller (FOPID) controller uses the filters to compensate for the Power Quality (PQ) problems by injecting the required power. The suggested SCS-DM optimization algorithm is used to optimize the FOPID parameters, for improved performance. The primary goal is to control voltage while lowering THD and power loss. The suggested methodology's efficacy in enhancing PQ is confirmed by contrasting its performance with that of traditional methods.
  Keywords: renewable energy sources; RES; battery energy storage systems; unified power quality controller; FOPID controller; optimisation.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJPELEC.2026.10073254
   
  
• Implementation of a power management scheme for PV and battery fed single capacitor-based multi-input converter  
  by Parinita Mondal, Jayati Dey, Tapas Kumar Saha 
  Abstract: This work develops a PV and battery-operated hybrid power management scheme (HPMS) through a single capacitor-based multi-input converter (SCMIC). The proposed SCMIC integrates the PV and the battery of two different voltage levels through unidirectional and bidirectional circuital arrangements, respectively. The output DC link voltage is maintained at a steady reference level by controlling the discharging and charging operation of the battery, which successfully balances the power difference between the load and the available maximum power from the PV. The mathematical modelling of the proposed converter is developed in this work. A power management and control architecture is designed to meet the objectives of PV MPPT and the bidirectional power flow operation of the battery. The proposed system is implemented in simulation and real-time environments under several scenarios. The simulation results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed system in all the operating conditions. The real-time performance of the system validates its simulation counterparts.
  Keywords: single-capacitor-based multi-input converter; SCMIC; PV MPPT; battery charging; hybrid power management scheme; HPMS; transient performance.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJPELEC.2026.10073344
   
  
• Neural network observer-based fractional-order linear quadratic control of modular multilevel converter  
  by Vivek Patel 
  Abstract: The modular multilevel converter (MMC) has seen extensive application in the high-voltage sector. The MMC is composed of multiple similar submodules. To achieve optimal performance, the MMC must balance the voltages between its upper and lower capacitor arms while suppressing alternating current components in the circulating current. This paper proposes a novel approach for controlling MMCs using a neural network observer-based fractional-order linear quadratic integral control technique. By leveraging neural network observers, the system is able to estimate internal states, while the fractional-order control strategy ensures robust performance and enhanced stability in the face of varying operating conditions. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through simulations (MATLAB 2023a), highlighting its ability to regulate key converter parameters such as load current, circulating current, and capacitor voltages. The simulation results show the superior performance in comparison to other controller approach, particularly in scenarios with fluctuating supply voltage.
  Keywords: modular multilevel converter; MMC; neural network observer; fractional-order; time varying linear quadratic control.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJPELEC.2025.10071103
   
  
• Hybrid wind solar energy system with qZSI for optimal power point tracking  
  by Jabinbanu M. Nadaf, Chinthalacheruvu Venkata Krishna Reddy, N. Karthikeyan, Ralli Sangno 
  Abstract: This paper introduces an optimisation method for wind-solar energy systems (WSESs) incorporating a quasi-Z-source inverter (qZSI) through a novel circle search algorithm (CSA). The CSA enhances energy output and reduces WSES costs by offering an effective optimisation mechanism that balances energy production and minimises CO₂ emissions. A refined pulse-width modulation (PWM) technique is implemented to reduce switching losses of the qZSI, while CSA generates the control signal for the voltage source inverter (VSI). The method is tested in MATLAB and compared with established techniques, including heap based optimisers (HBO), salp swarm algorithm (SSA), and the reinforced firefly algorithm (RFA). Results demonstrate that the CSA outperforms these approaches, achieving 97.3% accuracy, a computation time of 0.121 seconds, and an economic ROI of 1.22. These results underscore the CSA's superior balance of efficiency, and cost-effectiveness, confirming its effectiveness in optimising WSESs over conventional methods.
  Keywords: photovoltaic; PV; wind turbine; WT; maximum power point tracking; MPPT; energy storage system; ESS; distribution system; converter.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJPELEC.2025.10072348
   
  
• Advancements and challenges in modular multilevel converter topologies for medium voltage applications  
  by Trilochan Penthia 
  Abstract: High-power converters are crucial for industrial applications, with modular multilevel converters (MMC) gaining prominence for medium- and high-voltage systems. MMCs offer superior efficiency, scalability, and modularity compared to traditional converters, making them ideal for diverse applications. This paper classifies MMC topologies into four key groups: AC-DC, DC-AC, DC-DC, and AC-AC. Each topology presents distinct operational challenges, including efficiency optimisation, reliability enhancement, and control complexity. These challenges vary based on the application and power conversion requirements. The review provides a detailed analysis of these aspects, highlighting their impact on performance in high-power applications. It also examines significant advancements and identifies ongoing challenges in the field. The insights presented aim to guide future research and development, promoting optimisation and broader adoption of MMC technologies in industrial systems. This study contributes to advancing sustainable energy solutions and supports the evolution of MMCs for medium- and high-power industrial applications.
  Keywords: modular multilevel converter; medium-voltage; power conversions; converter topologies.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJPELEC.2025.10072515
   
  
• Battery pack thermal management system based on nanofluid optimisation of thermal runaway model for single cell batteries  
  by Jiang Xu, Liang Yuan, Jia He 
  Abstract: This study enhances single-cell battery thermal capabilities with an optimised model using nanofluids. It analyses lithium battery heat transfer and conductivity, constructs 3D battery models, and optimises lithium battery runaway models. The research results indicate that compared with the latest phase change materials, the proposed nanofluid has more advantages in temperature control with a temperature difference of less than 10°C between 25°C and 45°C. The highest temperature obtained through numerical simulation is basically consistent with the obtained data. Under immersion cooling conditions, the maximum and average temperatures of the battery pack decrease with the increase of nanofluid concentration. The concentration increased from 0% to 5%, and the average temperature decreased from 57.18°C to 56.58°C. In the direct liquid cooling state, the maximum and average temperatures gradually decrease with the increase of nanofluid concentration. The research model can accurately reflect the temperature changes of the battery after thermal runaway. The research results provide a good technical reference for the thermal management of electric vehicle batteries and the development of new energy.
  Keywords: nanofluid; thermal runaway; TR; battery pack thermal; finite element analysis.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJPELEC.2025.10071506
   
  
• A novel 6 × 6 total cross tied configuration to improve power generation from PV under partial shading condition  
  by Dhanesh Subhash Patil, Vijay Mangalsing Deshmukh 
  Abstract: The global energy demand has increased over the years. As a result, photovoltaic (PV) energy is often used among renewable energy sources to meet the energy demand. Partial shading occurs at different irradiance levels, leading to a significant power loss. Different PV module connection systems result in different current flow paths, which increase power detection with different irradiance. In this paper, a total cross tied (TCT) structure with a 6 × 6 PV array has been designed to show the efficacy of the irradiation equalisation method. The TCT configuration algorithm uses the irradiation balance method, which balances the radiation encountered in the panel so that modules do not suffer from very low irradiation. The results show that the TCT-6 × 6 PV configurations achieved better performance and improved the power tracking to 1,152.79 W when compared with the module relocation method.
  Keywords: partial shading; photovoltaic; total cross tied structure; irradiance equalisation method.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJPELEC.2025.10072346