International Journal of Reasoning-based Intelligent Systems (35 papers in press)

Regular Issues

• Open Access

  Multidimensional covert traffic attack detection via coupled spatio-temporal transformer and causal convolutional networks ( Free Full-text Access )

  by Wenji Chi 
  Abstract: To address the persistent challenge of detecting traditional model-eluding covert attacks including low-rate distributed denial of service (DDoS), advanced persistent threat (APT) infiltration, and network steganography we propose stealth-targeted criss-cross network (ST-CCNet): a multi-dimensional traffic analysis model that integrates spatio-temporal transformer with stacked causal convolutions. The architecture employs causal convolution to extract localised spatio-temporal patterns, while the transformer encoder captures global contextual dependencies. A trainable gated fusion module dynamically synthesises multi-dimensional features (temporal, protocol headers, statistical metrics). Evaluated on the Communications Security Establishment-Canadian Institute for Cybersecurity Intrusion Detection System 2018 (CIC-IDS2018) benchmark, ST-CCNet achieves an improvement of 12 percentage points in recall for stealth attacks (e.g., Slowloris, botnet, web attack) and attains a 98.2% F1-score, outperforming state-of-the-art detectors. This framework provides a robust solution for securing complex network infrastructures against evolving threats.
  Keywords: stealth attack detection; spatio-temporal transformer; causal convolution; multi-dimensional traffic analysis.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJRIS.2025.10074693
   
  

• Open Access

  Spatial layout design of garden landscapes based on a hybrid metaheuristic optimisation algorithm ( Free Full-text Access )

  by Yiting Cheng, Lingfeng Guo, Sikui Ao, Wei Wu 
  Abstract: As peoples demand for high-quality landscaping improves, traditional design methods often face limitations such as difficulty in global optimisation. For this reason, this paper firstly deals with indicators of topographic location index, vegetation coverage and landscape risk index without dimension. A mathematical model of spatial layout is established, and the objective functions of coordination and minimisation of design cost are taken as the constraints. A hybrid genetic ant colony algorithm for landscape layout was designed, and several solutions were derived from the improved genetic algorithm, which were used to initialise the pheromone concentration of the ant colony algorithm. The mathematical model of spatial layout design was solved by continuous iteration to obtain the optimal design scheme. Experimental outcome indicates that the rationality index of the suggested approach is greater than 0.9, and the land space layout is reasonable, which improves the land utilisation rate.
  Keywords: landscaping; spatial layout; genetic algorithm; ant colony algorithm; hybrid optimisation algorithm.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJRIS.2025.10074829
   
  

• Open Access

  Real-time effectiveness evaluation of online education based on LSTM-transformer model ( Free Full-text Access )

  by Changlin Wang 
  Abstract: Online education, with its flexibility, has become an integral part of the education sector. To address the challenges posed by existing research, which struggles to capture spatio-temporal locality and handle lengthy historical evaluation sequences, this paper first inputs historical evaluation data into a long short-term memory network (LSTM) to discover long-term sequential relationships in the evaluation data. The LSTMs output is then fed into the Transformer encoder, followed by an encoding layer that feeds into the transformer layer, where multi-head attention mechanisms enhance concurrent learning of long-term dependencies. Second, the final evaluation prediction results are obtained through a softmax output. Finally, an improved Bayesian optimisation algorithm is used for hyperparameter iteration, and the optimal hyperparameters for the evaluation model are selected. Experimental outcome demonstrates that the average evaluation accuracy of the proposed model has improved by 5.98%12.24%, validating the efficiency of the proposed model.
  Keywords: online education; spatial layout; effectiveness evaluation; LSTM model; transformer model; Bayesian optimisation.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJRIS.2025.10074830
   
  

• Open Access

  Intelligent psychological support system based on multimodal data fusion: a case study of college student groups ( Free Full-text Access )

  by Meishan Li 
  Abstract: As college students mental health problems get worse, figuring out how to construct a good and accurate psychological support system has become a popular topic of research. This study suggests an intelligent psychological support system (MDF-IPSS) for college student groups based on multimodal data fusion technology. The system uses a wide range of data types, including text, voice, facial expressions, and physiological signals, to create multi-dimensional models and track changes in psychological condition over time. This greatly enhances the accuracy of recognising psychological states. The results of testing on two self-made multimodal datasets reveal that the system works well and is useful in many ways. This study gives a lot of technological assistance for mental health management in universities and encourages the development and use of smart psychological support systems.
  Keywords: multimodal data fusion; intelligent psychological support system; IPSS; college student mental health; deep learning.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJRIS.2025.10074938
   
  
• A Hybrid Model of Fuzzy Logic to Enhance Data Mining Accuracy Incorporating Intra-Concentration and Inter-Separability (I2CS) Loss into Neighborhood Component Analysis  
  by Hemangini Mohanty, Santilata Champati 
  Abstract: Data mining is crucial to discovering meaningful insights and patterns from massive datasets. However, the accuracy and efficiency of data mining algorithms are often challenged by the curse of dimensionality and the complexity of real-world data. In this article, we propose a novel approach to enhance the accuracy of data mining by enriching the concept of intra-concentration and inter-separability (I2CS) loss into neighbourhood component analysis (NCA). NCA is a dimensionality reduction technique that focuses on preserving local neighbourhood information, thus improving classification accuracy. Fuzzy logic, on the other hand, provides a flexible framework to handle uncertainty and vagueness in data, enabling more nuanced decision-making. By integrating fuzzy C-means clustering with I2CS-NCA, we aim to leverage the complementary strengths of both approaches to enhance the accuracy and robustness of data mining algorithms. Also, the experimental results show that the proposed model gives the highest accuracy.
  Keywords: I2CS loss; neighbourhood component analysis; NCA; fuzzy C-means clustering; random forest.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJRIS.2024.10067117
   
  
• Ensemble of Transfer Learning With Convolutional Neural Networks for Writer Recognition in Historical Documents  
  by Radmila Jankovic Babic, Alessia Amelio, Ivo R. Draganov, Marijana Cosovic 
  Abstract: In the cultural heritage domain, writer recognition has become a challenging classification task still explored for historical documents, due to the presence of different types of noise in the documents, i.e. ink bleed-through, ink corrosion, stains on paper or parchment, difficulty in the character discrimination, elements different from the text, such as images, etc. that limit the effectiveness of existing techniques. To further advance in terms of robustness of classification and experimental setting, we propose a new deep learning model which ensembles pre-trained Convolutional Neural Networks for writer recognition. Specifically, the ensemble is composed of three pre-trained Inception-ResNet-v2 models with different hyperparameter values. Results obtained on the benchmark ICDAR 2019 dataset of handwritten historical documents prove that the proposed approach is very promising in recognizing the handwritten characters of different writers, also when compared with other deep learning models.
  Keywords: Convolutional Neural Networks; Writer recognition; Cultural heritage; Historical documents; Ensemble learning; Artificial neural networks; Document analysis; Deep learning; Transfer learning.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJRIS.2024.10067482
   
  
• Information fusion method on hexagonal fuzzy number based Multi-Criteria Decision Making problems  
  by Lakshmana Gomathi Nayagam Velu, Bharanidharan R 
  Abstract: Recieving the information from the experts are crucial stage in fuzzy multicriteria decision making (MCDM) problems. Different types of fuzzy numbers are used in fuzzy MCDM problems. Moreover, Hexagonal fuzzy numbers is widely used in fuzzy MCDM problems because of its convenience on piecewise linearity. The major drawback of fuzzy MCDM problems is non-availability of information for some alternatives with respect to some criteria while collecting information from the experts. To overcome this, researchers found some methodologies which are known as information fusion/infusion methods. In this paper, we have proposed two infusion methods based on score functions and similarity measures and studied infusion fusion algorithms by giving illustrative numerical examples. Further, due to the needfulness, a new similarity measure on Hexagonal fuzzy numbers have been introduced and used in the infusion method.
  Keywords: Hexagonal fuzzy numbers; Information Fusion; Missing data MCDM; Similarity measure on HXFN.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJRIS.2024.10068105
   
  
• Rice Plant Nutrient Deficiency Classification Using Deep Learning Techniques  
  by D. Sindhujah, R. Shoba Rani 
  Abstract: Every day, half of the world’s population eats rice. The World Bank predicts that by 2025, the demand for rice consumption will have increased by 51%. Mineral deficiency is one of the variables that impact rice yield. Plants need a variety of minerals and nutrients to flourish, especially while they are in the process of blooming or developing fruit. Critical plant growth disorders, which impact agricultural productivity, are caused by nutrient deficiencies. As soon as farmers see signs of nutrient inadequacy in their plants, they may use effective nutrient management measures to remedy the situation. New possibilities in non-destructive field-based analysis for nutritional deficiencies have emerged with computer vision and deep learning algorithms. In this research, we presented a ResNet50 model that has been fine-tuned to identify nutritional deficits in rice images. Our suggested model is combined with the ADAM optimiser and the softmax classifier to get the best possible outcome. Using our model, we will determine whether the rice plant is deficient in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Our findings show that our model outperforms the competition with an accuracy of 94.34%.
  Keywords: image augmentation; ResNet50; ADAM optimiser; softmax classifier; critical plant growth disorders; deep learning algorithms; nutrient inadequacy; agricultural productivity.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJRIS.2024.10068106
   
  
• Optimizing Feature Selection in Educational Data Sets Using an Enhanced Teaching-Learning Based Optimization Algorithm  
  by George Amalarethinam, A. Emima 
  Abstract: Educational data mining (EDM) is an emerging study topic that helps schools improve student performance. Selecting only relevant data reduces model input parameters with feature selection. It reduces dimensionality by selecting a subset of features and removing incorrect, superfluous, or noisy ones. It improves learning accuracy, computational cost, and model interpretability. This impacts the accuracy of performance models used to assess student outcomes. Most optimisation methods, including the genetic algorithm, must optimise many governing parameters for greater performance. Optimisation approaches using wrapper feature selection (WFS) improve classifier prediction. The proposed ETLBO algorithm with WFS techniques uses the Euclidean distance formula to assess fitness value and popular control parameters to select the optimal feature subset. The algorithm above is used on the educational dataset. Classification algorithms evaluate the best features from TLBO ETLBO algorithms: 4 algorithms classify performance metrics: GNB, LR, SVM, and K-nearest neighbour. Experimental results suggest that the ELTBO algorithm’s best feature subset improves classification accuracy for GNB, LR, SVM, and KNN compared to TLBO.
  Keywords: classification algorithms; feature selection; FS; optimisation technique; Euclidean distance; enhanced teacher learner based optimisation; ETLBO; teacher learner based optimisation.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJRIS.2024.10068107
   
  
• Advancing Healthcare Intelligent Systems: The Critical Role of Paternity Benefits in Modern Caregiving  
  by Swapna Ashmi, P.R.L. Rajavenkatesan 
  Abstract: The Maternity Benefit Act of 1961 ensures that women are entitled to receive payment for maternity leave and leave in the event of a miscarriage. It is also important to note that Indian law has not appropriately recognised paternity leave. Fathers can take paternity leave after the birth of their child or after miscarriage, adoption, or similar circumstances. The legislation regarding paternity leave in India was officially passed in 2017. The execution of this law needs improvement, as dads’ paternity leave rights are not regulated. Gender-neutral policy guidelines matter in a global economy. Fathers’ contributions to their spouses and children’s well-being make paid parental leave crucial. The study examines how paternity benefits affect children’s development and growth. The study also compared India’s paternity leave policy to many others. Healthcare analysis and kid well-being are also examined. It was given to 317 people from diverse fields. The study evaluates the importance of paternity benefit enforcement in India based on 250-member replies. MS Office was used to draft and organise the research, while Python was used to process and compare data.
  Keywords: childcare; advancing healthcare; intelligent systems; equality and fatherhood; gender-neutral; maternity leave; miscarriage and paternity leave.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJRIS.2024.10068108
   
  
• Leveraging Social Capital and SIoT for Sustainable Entrepreneurship Development  
  by K.M. Ashifa, Mehdi Safaei, HINA Zahoor, Rehab El Gamil, NASIR MUSTAFA 
  Abstract: The current research examines the combined effect of integrating social internet of things technology in entrepreneurial skill development programs for the Irula tribal community, Tamil Nadu, toward socio-economic upliftment. LAS and SCAM were adopted to collect data at the household level of 538 households, besides gathering qualitative information through purposive collection through focused group discussion and an in-depth interview of 60 participants. Quantitative results, as shown by paired t-tests and CR analyses, recorded significant increases in social capital and entrepreneurial skills following intervention. In-depth interviews, FGDs, and workshops brought rich qualitative insights into improved networking, innovation, and decision-making. Increasing communities’ cohesion and resilience resulted in enhanced livelihood
  Keywords: social internet of things; SioT; tribal development; indigenous knowledge; community health; entrepreneurial skills; government interventions; livelihood assessment schedule; LAS.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJRIS.2024.10068109
   
  
• Ancient Epigraphical Monuments' Convolution Neural Network-Based Skeletonized Structural Angularmorphing Character Identification Intelligent Systems  
  by P. Selvakumar 
  Abstract: Tamil is one of the oldest languages, and it is based on several proofs from ancient Kiladhi epigraphic monuments. Tamil texts have various structural styles and projections identified from monuments like palm lead characters, vattezhuthu, and stone inscriptions. By projecting Tamil characters in various angles, the text style may vary due to structural representation, leading the actual character style to differentiate from the old style. Thus, recognition of the specific projection of the old character leads to more features on the dimension level to get the Tamil character and classification. Consider skeletonized structural angular morphing (S2AM) based on a CNN-identified Tamil character from ancient epigraphic monuments for optimum identification. Epigrammatic images will be pre-processed using Gaussian filters, then SMS will glide the character region using CED. Use the skeletonized angular projection to discover text structural components and extract angular information. The selected features will be trained with a DFCNN to
  Keywords: Script Systems Identifying; Tamil character detection; edge detection skeletonization; Character Identification Intelligent Systems; Canny Edge Detection (CED); Deep Features Convolution Neural Networ.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJRIS.2025.10068690
   
  
• Embracing Creativity and Encouraging Teacher Satisfaction at Intelligent Systems  
  by Neenet Baby Manjaly, S.A.Vignesh Karthik, H. Lekha, V. Ameena Babu, Gayathri Joshi 
  Abstract: Many firms can now achieve high employee performance thanks to self-motivated working cultures. Employee behavior and job satisfaction at the organizational climate level have been extensively studied. Academics need job dedication and satisfaction to boost productivity, student advancement, retention, and cognitive and personal growth. Academic independence, creativity, professional commitment, and job joy are examined in this study. This research will examine the relationship between these factors. The study tested work-life balance theories for Chennai's private professional teachers. Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire, and 353 were analyzed. The model's validity and reliability were assessed using multivariate statistics. Data was analyzed using structural equation modeling for normalcy, reliability, and discriminant validity. Results demonstrated that employment independence boosts creativity, dedication, and satisfaction. All components boost job happiness. Freedom at work and job commitment facilitated creativity, supporting the mediation hypothesis. The results also showed that job dedication mediates flexibility at work and
  Keywords: Embracing Creativity; Encouraging Teacher; Freedom at Work; Job Commitment; Intelligent Systems; Job Satisfaction; Employment Independence; Teaching Profession.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJRIS.2025.10068691
   
  
• Enhancing Critical Thinking Skills through Generative AI Models: Mechanisms and Educational Impacts  
  by Vincent Raj, Eronimus Jeslin Renjith, S.Silvia Priscila, C.Sathish Kumar, S. Suman Rajest 
  Abstract: Enhancing Critical Thinking Skills has even been considered to revolutionize the future of artificial intelligence and has such huge impacts across sectors, especially education. This study looks at the way generative AI models enhance critical thinking in learners based on recent studies; it debates applying them to actual education and their influence. The study adopted a mixed-method approach. One would be to carry out an analysis of learners’ performance using a quantitative method and also obtain a subjective assessment of the development of learners’ critical thinking skills. The results show that generative AI improves scholastic performance; personalised learning tools raise critical thinking scores from 50-80 to 70-100. The conclusion shows that models increase engagement and positive attitudes towards enhanced learning outcomes. AI integration into higher education faces various hurdles, including privacy issues over higher education data and educator training. The study also discusses how educators and governments might use focused
  Keywords: Generative AI; Critical Thinking; Educational Technology; Personalized Learning; Interactive Learning; AI in Education; Pedagogical Strategies; Cognitive Development.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJRIS.2025.10068827
   
  
• Intelligent Techniques for Evaluating Organizational Agility via Contingency Theory in Dynamic Environments  
  by Sivakoti Reddy Manukonda, Seema Bhakuni, Vinayak Anil Bhat, Rameshwaran Byloppilly, Rishi Shukla, Jayesh Solanki 
  Abstract: The contingency approach to management holds that effective management depends on the context of a situation. This paper discusses how the contingency approach works in different managerial settings, focussing on environmental variables like organisational size, task structure, and leadership style that may affect manager effectiveness. This study will combine an in-depth literature review, interview and survey data, and statistical analysis to understand the contingency strategy in practice. Management approaches combined with these environmental variables improved organisational performance, adaptation, and resilience. With organised contingency practices, larger organisations perform better, adaptive management tactics help difficult tasks, and democratic leadership styles work better in varied situations. Regression models and the coefficient of correlation show strong positive correlations supporting these links. Since the contingency technique usually requires ongoing adjustment and integration of various factors into a system, it also highlights its obstacles and limitations from the study. Long-term contingency practices and their effects or
  Keywords: Contingency Approach; Managerial Effectiveness; Organizational Performance; Leadership Style; Environmental Variables; Task Structure; Organizational Size; Adaptability.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJRIS.2025.10068931
   
  
• Reinforcement Learning-Driven Collective Intelligence for Prioritized Spectrum Reservation in Cognitive Radio Network  
  by Meetu Nag, Bhanu Pratap 
  Abstract: In the realm of cognitive radio networks, research aims to enhance spectrum usage by enabling access for more users through different spectrum allocation policies. The dynamic and rapid changes in the communication environment pose challenges in making correct decision for spectrum allocation. To facilitate dynamic spectrum allocation, intelligence is integrated into the cognitive system to analyze environmental parameters, various known parameters have to be analyzed to know about the nature of the radio node. In this paper a novel method is discussed for spectrum allocation by involving a multiple decision system that works on priority-based allocation approach. This system collects environmental data for decision-making, ensuring efficient service in this adaptive communication scenario.
  Keywords: Reinforcement Learning; Collective Intelligence; Spectrum Reservation in Cognitive Radio Network; Spectrum Sensing; Cognitive Radio Network.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJRIS.2025.10069324
   
  
• Predicting Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) using Machine Learning with Bio-Inspired Hyperparameter Optimization  
  by Yalin Song 
  Abstract: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a prevalent respiratory condition for which early detection is crucial to effective patient management. With LGBM and DTC as the foundational models, this study explores the predictive capability of ML approaches for COPD. Two bio-inspired optimizers, the TSA and ROA, were employed to enhance their performance. These optimizers mimic the collective behavior of biological systems, such as tunicates’ foraging patterns and jellyfish’s pulsating movements, to achieve optimal solutions within the model training process. Relevant features are extracted from patient data, potentially including demographics, medical history, lung function tests, and lifestyle factors. Among the metrics used to evaluate the performance of the optimized models are their accuracy and precision. The DTTS model’s excellent performance shows how well the DTC model predicts COPD. The greatest accuracy and precision scores of 0.907 and 0.911 support its COPD prediction accuracy. These findings demonstrate the DTTS model’s reliability and
  Keywords: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary; Decision Tree Classification (DTC); Light Gradient Boosting Classification (LGBM); Rhizostoma Optimization Algorithm (ROA); Tunicate Swarm Algorithm (TSA); Machine Learn.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJRIS.2025.10070424
   
  
• Efficient deep mood-based Hindustani raga music recommendation using facial emotion expressions  
  by Yogesh Prabhakar Pingle, Lakshmappa K. Ragha 
  Abstract: Music recommendation is considered as a solution, and the performance is degraded with prediction error. A novel approach for music recommendation based on facial emotions with the objective of extracting better feature information without loss is required. In this paper, an efficient cross-dense network model with multi-pooling is used to detect basic emotions from the face image. The complex cross-dense connections are provided for the extraction of most discriminate feature information. After recognising the emotion from the face, a new attention-based deep collaborative filtering recommendation system is proposed, with a list of Hindustani raga music to improve users moods. The proposed framework is invoked with the Facial Expression Recognition 2013 (FER-2013) dataset, and the recommendation is provided for happy and sad emotions from the ragas. The performance is compared with existing deep learning-based approaches. The proposed approach improves accuracy, precision and recall by 0.9972, 0.9896, and 0.9906.
  Keywords: facial emotion recognition; CrossDenseNet; multi-pooling layer; AttentionNet; collaborative recommendation; Hindustani music.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJRIS.2025.10070903
   
  
• Enhancing academic success: a deep dive into students' performance prediction using decision tree classification models  
  by Tingting Du, Linglanxuan Kong 
  Abstract: Education, a fundamental human right, plays a pivotal role in personal and societal advancement, cultivating critical thinking and problem-solving skills, fostering social integration, and contributing to global progress, with a focus on innovative strategies to elevate education standards and prioritise students' performance. Educational data mining (EDM) is a burgeoning field within DM that investigates patterns in education, covering analysis of student knowledge and behaviour, teacher curriculum planning, and course scheduling, all with the primary goal of enhancing student learning performance and achieving efficiency in education systems. This paper addresses the task of predicting and categorising students' performance in the Portuguese language, emphasising decision tree classification (DTC) models, along with 2 hybrid models optimised using aquila optimiser (AO) and honey badger algorithm (HBA), for a cohort of 649 students. The results underscore the exceptional predictive capabilities of the DTHB model, outperforming the DTAO model in G2 prediction with an impressive F1-score of 0.9428 compared to 0.9381. Additionally, the DTHB model continues to excel in G3 prediction, boasting the best performance at an F1-score of 0.9275.
  Keywords: Student performance; decision tree; aquila optimiser; AO; honey badger algorithm; HBA; teacher curriculum planning; educational data mining; EDM; course scheduling; decision tree classification; DTC.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJRIS.2025.10072219
   
  
• Comprehensive study on digital image encryption using magic square  
  by Vybhavi. Balasundar, K. Mani, Uma Devi, S.Kumar Chandar 
  Abstract: Digital image encryption plays a vital role in safeguarding sensitive images from unauthorised access. Among the emerging methodologies, magic square-based encryption has gained significant attention due to its simplicity, flexibility, and capacity to generate diverse encryption keys. This review provides a detailed analysis of magic square-based techniques for image encryption, emphasising their unique properties and applications. The paper examines several recent algorithms, exploring their design, strengths, and limitations. Furthermore, it highlights the potential of hybrid encryption approaches that integrate magic square techniques with other cryptographic methods to enhance security and efficiency. Finally, the review discusses the current advancements in magic square-based image encryption and identifies key challenges, such as scalability, robustness, and adaptability, clearing the path for additional study and advancement in this area.
  Keywords: digital image encryption; magic square methodology; hybrid encryption; algorithms; techniques.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJRIS.2025.10072799
   
  
• A novel method for solving probabilistic programming problem in interval type-2 fuzzy environment  
  by Babita Chaini, Narmada Ranarahu 
  Abstract: This paper introduces a novel mathematical model for stochastic programming in a type-2 fuzzy environment, addressing the dual uncertainties of fuzziness and randomness through fuzzy normal random variables. The proposed model innovatively converts fuzzy stochastic problems into deterministic ones using a two-step process: the -cut technique to remove fuzziness and the chance-constrained technique to handle randomness. This approach, involving perfectly normal interval type-2 triangular fuzzy numbers, is illustrated with a numerical example. The critical finding is the effective transformation of complex fuzzy stochastic problems into more manageable deterministic forms, enhancing computational efficiency and solution accuracy. The industrial implications are significant, offering a robust decision-making framework for sectors like manufacturing, logistics, and finance, where uncertainty is a critical factor. This methodology improves accuracy and reliability in operational and strategic planning, making it highly relevant for practical applications.
  Keywords: stochastic programming; normal random variables; optimisation techniques; type-2 fuzzy set; T2FS.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJRIS.2025.10073067
   
  
• Multi-scale semantic awareness fusion transformer for sentiment analysis in electricity marketing  
  by Chunlei Liu, Wei Ge, Yanan Cai, Jinghui Chen 
  Abstract: In the context of electricity market marketing, facial recognition-based emotion analysis systems can help enterprises better understand customers emotional feedback, thereby enhancing service experience and improving the precision of marketing strategies. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a multiscale semantic perception and attention fusion model (MSPAF) aimed at improving the accuracy and robustness of customer emotion recognition in the power industry. During the multimodal feature fusion stage, the model applies a multi-level attention pooling strategy to effectively capture emotional correlations between different modalities while reducing feature dimensionality, thereby improving efficiency and generalization. When using generic image encoding features combined with global semantics and local syntax fusion, the models accuracy drops by 1.64% and 2.34%, respectively.
  Keywords: multiscale semantic awareness; transformer; electricity marketing; sentiment analysis; multihead attention mechanism.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJRIS.2025.10073068
   
  
• Cognitive driving: harnessing machine learning to understand driver behaviour  
  by Deepika Arunachalavel, Pandeeswari Nagarajan 
  Abstract: This study presents an innovative approach to enhancing road safety and optimising transportation efficiency by leveraging advanced machine learning techniques. The primary focus is on analysing telematics and sensor data collected from vehicles to model, predict, and classify various aspects of driver behaviour. By utilising a combination of supervised and unsupervised learning methods, the research aims to develop a robust, real-time system capable of detecting patterns associated with safe, aggressive, and distracted driving. Supervised learning techniques are employed to train classification models using a diverse set of features extracted from telematics data, including speed variations, acceleration and braking patterns, steering behaviours, lane discipline, and spatial-temporal characteristics. Emphasis is placed on model interpretability to ensure transparency, reliability, and trust in real-world applications, especially for law enforcement and insurance industries. Additionally, unsupervised learning approaches, such as anomaly detection, are explored to identify deviations from normal driving behaviour without relying on predefined labels. By integrating these techniques, this study contributes to intelligent transportation systems, reducing accidents and improving overall road safety.
  Keywords: road safety; feature extraction; vehicle telematics; analysing telematics; sensor data.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJRIS.2025.10073243
   
  
• Face expression recognition for electricity marketing based on multiscale feature fusion with swin transformer  
  by Yanan Cai, Jinghui Chen, Wei Ge 
  Abstract: In this method, the proposed lightweight SPST module replaces the swin transformer blocks in the fourth stage of the original swin transformer model, significantly reducing the number of parameters and enabling lightweight and efficient inference. Subsequently, an EMA module is embedded after the second stage of the improved model to enhance the perception of subtle facial expression details through multi-scale feature extraction and cross-spatial information aggregation, thereby improving the accuracy and robustness of facial expression recognition in power marketing scenarios. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves recognition accuracies of 97.56%, 86.46%, 87.29%, and 70.11% on the JAFFE, FERPLUS, RAF-DB, and FANE public facial expression datasets, respectively. Compared with the original swin transformer model, the improved model reduces the number of parameters by 15.8% and increases FPS by 9.6%, demonstrating significantly enhanced real-time performance while maintaining high recognition accuracy.
  Keywords: power marketing; face expression recognition; swin transformer; ST; multiscale feature fusion.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJRIS.2025.10073378
   
  
• Research on neural network-based UAV distribution grid line defect detection methods  
  by Bin Feng, Keke Lu, Shuang Fu, Jun Wei, Yu Zou 
  Abstract: This study presents a neural framework for UAV-based insulator defect detection in power distribution systems, addressing critical challenges in real-time operation, multi-scale defect recognition, and computational efficiency. Extensive experiments on a custom dataset (2,721 images, 6,812 instances) demonstrate state-of-the-art performance with 97.3% mAP@0.5:0.95 and 31.4 FPS on embedded GPUs, outperforming YOLOv5 (89.1% mAP), Faster R-CNN (93.4%), and DETR (89.8%). Ablation studies confirm the complementary nature of proposed components, showing cumulative improvements from 91.1% (baseline) to 97.3% mAP through progressive integration. The framework particularly excels in challenging scenarios with 91.4% AP for sub-10px defects and maintains <5.1% false positive rate under complex backgrounds.
  Keywords: embedded systems; multi-scale attention; power line defects; UAV inspection; wise-IoU loss; YOLOv8.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJRIS.2025.10073667
   
  
• Research on a method for assessing the status of electric power metering assets based on neural network federated learning  
  by Mingxin Jin, Shanshan Li, Guanna Lu, Yanguo Lv, Huinan Wang 
  Abstract: This approach not only avoids the security risks associated with third-party coordination but also enhances the models performance in practical applications such as fault diagnosis and electricity bill recovery risk prediction. Additionally, an incentive mechanism based on multi-dimensional contribution assessment and a block chain-based smart contract implementation scheme is designed to provide a sustainable motivational guarantee for multi-party collaboration. Specifically, by exchanging encrypted intermediate parameters (such as gradients or weight updates) during model training, the method achieves effective integration and joint modelling of multi-party data values.
  Keywords: federated learning; information security; machine learning; neural networks; electricity metering.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJRIS.2025.10074388
   
  
• Research on a deep learning-based coordinated optimisation and control technology for source-load-storage in new-type distribution networks  
  by Xiaomeng Yan, Peng Wang, Tao Liang, Wei Jiang, Yang Liu, Jun Guo, Zhebin Sun 
  Abstract: This paper proposes an intelligent multi-timescale optimisation and control method for active distribution networks based on deep reinforcement learning, taking into account the accuracy of generation-load power forecasting and the operational characteristics of devices. In the day-ahead stage, control plans for energy storage systems and flexible loads are formulated to achieve economic operation of the distribution network and reduce the peak-shaving pressure on the upper-level grid. A corresponding feature extraction method is designed for the multi-node, multi-period state space. In the intraday stage, the optimisation scheduling problem is transformed into a Markov decision process.
  Keywords: active distribution networks; optimised regulation; source-load-storage synergy; deep reinforcement learning; DRL; power prediction.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJRIS.2025.10074597
   
  
• Research on online error estimation method for station gate metering devices based on dynamic bus topology unit energy conservation  
  by Qiang Song, Zhiyi Qu, Jing Yang, Qingqing Fu, Tiejun Cheng 
  Abstract: This enables the establishment of a mapping between metering device errors and deviations in system energy conservation, forming a dynamic error modelling framework that reflects actual operating conditions. Then, a fading memory mechanism is introduced, and the FMRLS algorithm is employed to recursively estimate model parameters, thereby realising online and adaptive estimation of metering device errors. Simulation results demonstrate that, compared with the Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm and the limited memory recursive least squares (LMRLS) algorithm, the proposed method significantly improves the accuracy and dynamic responsiveness of error estimation while maintaining convergence stability.
  Keywords: error estimation; dynamic line loss; fading memory recursive least squares; online estimation.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJRIS.2025.10074598
   
  
• MIV-3: modified inception V3 architecture for enhancing periodontal diagnostic accuracy with SE attention module  
  by R. Kausalya, J. Anitha Ruth 
  Abstract: Over the recent decades, real-world applications and research which use AI (Artificial Intelligence) have evolved significantly, exclusively in dental and healthcare sectors. Our research discusses the utilisation of AI in X-ray imaging to detect periodontal diseases at an early stage. MIV-3 (modified inception V-3) is a model which enhances feature extraction and accuracy in diagnosis by combining an attention module and a squeeze-and-excitation (SE) module. Separable convolutions are utilised by MIV-3 model for increasing computational efficiency without impacting accuracy. A NPV and sensitivity of 98.37% and 94.68% respectively were depicted in the experimental data. Having a sensitivity of 94.68%, NVP of 98.85%, ROC-AUC of 99.14% and a specificity of 97.65% will help the model in predicting dental caries in a more accurate manner. The results indicate that the detection of periodontal disease happens at a faster pace and more accurately with the proposed AI-driven method. For developing the model, MATLAB program is utilised which offers a strong and dependable tool for diagnosis in clinical applications.
  Keywords: periodontal diagnosis; dental care; deep learning; inception V3; squeeze and excitation.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJRIS.2025.10074670
   
  
• An abnormal detection method of enterprise financial accounting data based on Bayesian network  
  by Baoyuan Liu 
  Abstract: To improve the effectiveness of anomaly detection in enterprise financial accounting data and reduce the error probability of anomaly detection, this paper proposes a Bayesian network-based anomaly detection method for enterprise financial accounting data to ensure the accuracy and reliability of financial reports. By introducing the nearest neighbour rule and KNN algorithm to calculate the distance between different data attributes, the XGBoot algorithm is used to obtain the optimal balance point and achieve the classification of enterprise financial accounting data. According to the topological structure, the prior knowledge and accounting data characteristics are fitted, the accounting data characteristics are extracted, the interference items of abnormal features are removed by Markov blanket elimination method, the conditional probability of Bayesian network is calculated, and the data anomaly detection is realised to realise the final research. The test results indicate that the false positive rate of abnormal data detected by this method is low, and the recall rate is high, which has certain feasibility.
  Keywords: Bayesian network; enterprise financial accounting data; abnormal detection; nearest neighbour rule; parameter learning.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJRIS.2024.10061316
   
  
• Multi-channel user interface generation method based on conflict degree and collaborative filtering  
  by Ting Zhang 
  Abstract: Aiming at the problems of low recommendation accuracy, low success rate of interactive control and long time of traditional recommendation methods, a multi-channel user interface generation method based on conflict degree and collaborative filtering is proposed. Firstly, the evidence optimality and binary comparison matrix of user behaviour are determined, and the evidence conflict degree of user behaviour is calculated using the weight calculation results, and user behaviour recognition is realised according to the evidence characteristics. Secondly, collaborative filtering is adopted to implement user interface pattern recommendation. Finally, according to the recommended user interface model, a multi-channel user interface generation framework is constructed, including user task decomposition, multi-channel interaction control and interface code determination. Experimental test results show that the maximum accuracy of user interface pattern recommendation using proposed method is 98.36%, the average success rate of multi-channel interaction control is 97.35%, and the minimum time for multi-channel user interface generation is 1.8 s.
  Keywords: conflict degree; collaborative filtering; multi-channel; user interface generation; evidence optimality; multi-channel interaction control.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJRIS.2024.10061315
   
  
• Modified VGG19 transfer learning model for breast cancer classification  
  by Sashikanta Prusty, Srikanta Patnaik, Sujit Kumar Dash 
  Abstract: Breast cancer (BC) seems to have become a sign of great concern in everyday life. There have been a lot of research and methods already designed in the last few years but continue to be prone worldwide. To address this issue, a modified version of the visual geometric group-19 (VGG19) model, namely BCNet21 has been proposed here to classify the malignant class from breast mammogram images collected from the MIAS dataset. Furthermore, the performance of our proposed BCNet21 model has been compared with the two most common predefined VGG16 and VGG19 models using the performance metrics and Cohen-Kappa test (k). The result shows that the proposed BCNet21 model outperforms with a higher accuracy of 98.96 % and a kappa score of 86%, compared to the VGG16 and VGG19 models. This concludes that the BCNet21 model is much closer to the near-perfect agreement between actual and predicted breast cancer instances.
  Keywords: breast cancer; BC; deep learning; DL; transfer learning; TL; VGG19; VGG16; kappa score.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJRIS.2024.10063303
   
  
• AMAA-GMM: adaptive Mexican axolotl algorithm based enhanced Gaussian mixture model to segment the cervigram images  
  by Lalasa Mukku, Jyothi Thomas 
  Abstract: Colposcopy is a crucial imaging technique for finding cervical abnormalities. Colposcopic image evaluation, particularly the accurate delineation of the cervix region, has considerable medical significance. Before segmenting the cervical region, specular reflection removal is an efficient approach. Cervical cancer can be found using a visual check with acetic acid that turns precancerous and cancerous areas white and these could be viewed as signs of abnormalities. Similarly, bright white regions known as specular reflections obstruct the identification of aceto-white areas and should therefore be removed. So, in this paper, specular reflection removal with segmenting the cervix region in a colposcopy image is proposed. The proposed approach consists of two main stages, namely, pre-processing and segmentation. In the pre-processing stage, specular reflections are detected and removed using a swin transformer. After that, cervical regions are segmented using an enhanced Gaussian mixture model (EGMM). For better segmentation accuracy, the best parameters of GMM are chosen via the adaptive Mexican axolotl optimisation (AMAO) algorithm. The performance of the proposed approach is analysed based on accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, Jaccard index, and dice coefficient, and the efficiency of the suggested strategy is compared with various methods.
  Keywords: Gaussian mixture models; machine learningl segmentation; metaheuristics; deep learning; enhanced Gaussian mixture model; EGMM; adaptive Mexican axolotl optimisation; AMAO.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJRIS.2024.10063302
   
  
• Unsupervised English-Chinese word translation using various retrieval methods  
  by Cuiping Zou 
  Abstract: Because it is essential for improving the user experience, controlling styles in neural machine translation (NMT) has garnered a lot of interest in recent years. The majority of the earlier research on this subject focused on managing the amount of formality, and it was successful in making some headway in this particular area. The purpose of this study is to tackle each of these difficulties by presenting a new benchmark and strategy. A benchmark for multiway stylistic machine translation (MSMT) is presented, which incorporates a wide variety of styles that span four different language domains. Following that, we offer an approach that we call style activation prompt (StyleAP), which involves extracting prompts from a styled monolingual corpus and does not need any more fine-tuning alterations. Experiments demonstrate that StyleAP is capable of exerting a significant amount of control on the translation style and achieving extraordinary levels of performance.
  Keywords: unsupervised English-Chinese; neural machine translation; NMT; translation induction for Chinese.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJRIS.2024.10067116
   
  
• Enhanced prescriptive market projection via reinforcement learning based on transcript sensitivity analysis  
  by S. Udhaya Priya, M. Parveen 
  Abstract: Machine learning is at its peak in almost all the fields of this modern era. The demand for its utilisation in the field of supply chain management has reached its peak presently as well. The top requirement at present in managing the demand chain is understanding what customers require. So, collecting user opinions from various forms is in practice. This is done in practice to improve the optimised product manufacturing and supply. The extensive use of modern communication devices has significantly increased the volume of user feedback. Getting through all these documents manually is merely an impossible task. This work aims to address this problem by introducing a reinforcement learning prescriptive analyser that handles massive user feedback and generates beneficial prescriptions based on the input. The paper integrates reinforcement learning, allowing for the adoption of seasonal changes in user opinion and prescribing with greater accuracy and precision. The integrated modules of this proposed work are the rapid review text pre-processor module, C5.0-based sentiment impact classifier, and legacy reinforcement learning-based prescription generator.
  Keywords: C5.0 classification; demand chain management; machine learning; prescriptive analysis; reinforcement learning; text pre-processing; artificial intelligence.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJRIS.2026.10074438